Abstract
Trichoderma species, a class of plant beneficial fungi, may provide opportunistic symbionts to induce plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Here, we determined the possible mechanisms responsible for the indole acetic acid (IAA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-deaminase (ACC-deaminase) producing strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (TL-6) in promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth and enhancing plant tolerance to NaCl stress. Wheat treated with or without TL-6 was grown under different levels of salt stress in controlled environmental conditions. TL-6 showed a high level of tolerance to 10 mg ml − 1 of NaCl stress and the inhibitory effect was more pronounced at higher NaCl concentrations. Under NaCl stress, the activity of ACC-deaminase and IAA concentration in TL-6 were promoted, with the activity of ACC-deaminase increased by 26% at the salt concentration of 10 mg ml − 1 and 31% at 20 mg ml − 1 , compared with non-saline stress; and the concentration of IAA was increased by 10 and 7%, respectively ( P < 0.05). The increased ACC-deaminase and IAA concentration in the TL-6 strain may serve as an important signal to alleviate the negative effect of NaCl stress on wheat growth. As such, wheat seedlings with the ACC-deaminase and IAA producing strain of TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased the IAA concentration by an average of 11%, decreased the activity of ACC oxidase (ACO) by an average of 12% and ACC synthase (ACS) 13%, and decreased the level of ethylene synthesis and the content of ACC by 12 and 22%, respectively ( P < 0.05). The TL-6 treatment decreased the transcriptional level of ethylene synthesis genes expression, and increased the IAA production genes expression significantly in wheat seedlings roots; down-regulated the expression of ACO genes by an average of 9% and ACS genes 12%, whereas up-regulated the expression of IAA genes by 10% ( P < 0.05). TL-6 treatments under NaCl stress decreased the level of Na + accumulation; and increased the uptake of K + and the ratio of K + /Na + , and the transcriptional level of Na + /H + antiporter gene expression in both shoots and roots. Our results indicate that the strain of TL-6 effectively promoted wheat growth and enhanced plant tolerance to NaCl stress through the increased ACC-deaminase activity and IAA production in TL-6 stain that modulate the IAA and ethylene synthesis, and regulate the transcriptional levels of IAA and ethylene synthesis genes expression in wheat seedling roots under salt stress, and minimize ionic toxicity by disturbing the intracellular ionic homeostasis in the plant cells. These biochemical, physiological and molecular responses helped promote the wheat seedling growth and enhanced plant tolerance to salt stress.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased ACC-deaminase activity by 26% at 10 mg/ml NaCl compared with non-saline stress
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- salt concentration of 10 mg ml − 1e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of ACC-deaminasee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26%e1
- Comparator
- non-saline stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“the activity of ACC-deaminase and IAA concentration in TL-6 were promoted, with the activity of ACC-deaminase increased by 26% at the salt concentration of 10 mg ml − 1 and 31% at 20 mg ml − 1 , compared with non-saline stress”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased ACC-deaminase activity by 31% at 20 mg/ml NaCl compared with non-saline stress
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 20 mg ml − 1e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of ACC-deaminasee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 31%e1
- Comparator
- non-saline stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“the activity of ACC-deaminase and IAA concentration in TL-6 were promoted, with the activity of ACC-deaminase increased by 26% at the salt concentration of 10 mg ml − 1 and 31% at 20 mg ml − 1 , compared with non-saline stress”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased IAA concentration by 10 and 7% at the two NaCl levels compared with non-saline stress
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salt concentration of 10 mg ml − 1e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- concentration of IAAe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 10 and 7%e2
- Comparator
- non-saline stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“the activity of ACC-deaminase and IAA concentration in TL-6 were promoted, with the activity of ACC-deaminase increased by 26% at the salt concentration of 10 mg ml − 1 and 31% at 20 mg ml − 1 , compared with non-saline stress”
e2“the concentration of IAA was increased by 10 and 7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased IAA concentration in wheat seedlings by an average of 11%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatment under NaCl stresse3
- Interactor
- TL-6e3symbiont
- Outcome
- IAA concentratione3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 11%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e3“TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased the IAA concentration by an average of 11%”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress decreased ACC oxidase activity in wheat seedlings by an average of 12%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatment under NaCl stresse3
- Interactor
- TL-6e3symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of ACC oxidase (ACO)e4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 12%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e3“TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased the IAA concentration by an average of 11%”
e4“decreased the activity of ACC oxidase (ACO) by an average of 12% and ACC synthase (ACS) 13%”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress decreased ACC synthase activity in wheat seedlings by 13%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatment under NaCl stresse3
- Interactor
- TL-6e3symbiont
- Outcome
- ACC synthase (ACS)e4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 13%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e3“TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased the IAA concentration by an average of 11%”
e4“decreased the activity of ACC oxidase (ACO) by an average of 12% and ACC synthase (ACS) 13%”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress decreased ethylene synthesis level and ACC content in wheat seedlings by 12 and 22%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatment under NaCl stresse3
- Interactor
- TL-6e3symbiont
- Outcome
- level of ethylene synthesis and the content of ACCe5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 12 and 22%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e3“TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased the IAA concentration by an average of 11%”
e5“decreased the level of ethylene synthesis and the content of ACC by 12 and 22%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment down-regulated ACO gene expression in wheat seedling roots by 9%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatmente7
- Interactor
- TL-6e7symbiont
- Outcome
- expression of ACO genese6
- Direction
- down-regulatede6
- Value
- 9%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e6“down-regulated the expression of ACO genes by an average of 9% and ACS genes 12%, whereas up-regulated the expression of IAA genes by 10%”
e7“The TL-6 treatment decreased the transcriptional level of ethylene synthesis genes expression”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment down-regulated ACS gene expression in wheat seedling roots by 12%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatmente7
- Interactor
- TL-6e7symbiont
- Outcome
- ACS genese6
- Direction
- down-regulatede6
- Value
- 12%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e6“down-regulated the expression of ACO genes by an average of 9% and ACS genes 12%, whereas up-regulated the expression of IAA genes by 10%”
e7“The TL-6 treatment decreased the transcriptional level of ethylene synthesis genes expression”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment up-regulated IAA gene expression in wheat seedling roots by 10%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatmente7
- Interactor
- TL-6e7symbiont
- Outcome
- expression of IAA genese6
- Direction
- up-regulatede6
- Value
- 10%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e6“down-regulated the expression of ACO genes by an average of 9% and ACS genes 12%, whereas up-regulated the expression of IAA genes by 10%”
e7“The TL-6 treatment decreased the transcriptional level of ethylene synthesis genes expression”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress decreased Na+ accumulation in wheat seedlings
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatments under NaCl stresse1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- level of Na + accumulatione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“TL-6 treatments under NaCl stress decreased the level of Na + accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased K+ uptake in wheat seedlings
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatments under NaCl stresse1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- uptake of K +e2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“TL-6 treatments under NaCl stress decreased the level of Na + accumulation”
e2“increased the uptake of K + and the ratio of K + /Na + , and the transcriptional level of Na + /H + antiporter gene expression in both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased the K+/Na+ ratio in wheat seedlings
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatments under NaCl stresse1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- ratio of K + /Na +e2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“TL-6 treatments under NaCl stress decreased the level of Na + accumulation”
e2“increased the uptake of K + and the ratio of K + /Na + , and the transcriptional level of Na + /H + antiporter gene expression in both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 treatment under NaCl stress increased Na+/H+ antiporter gene expression in wheat seedling shoots and roots
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatments under NaCl stresse1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- transcriptional level of Na + /H + antiporter gene expressione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- in both shoots and rootse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“TL-6 treatments under NaCl stress decreased the level of Na + accumulation”
e2“increased the uptake of K + and the ratio of K + /Na + , and the transcriptional level of Na + /H + antiporter gene expression in both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 showed a high level of tolerance to 10 mg/ml NaCl stress
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 10 mg ml − 1 of NaCl stresse1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- a high level of tolerancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“TL-6 showed a high level of tolerance to 10 mg ml − 1 of NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The inhibitory effect of TL-6 was more pronounced at higher NaCl concentrations
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- higher NaCl concentrationse1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte1
- Direction
- more pronouncede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“the inhibitory effect was more pronounced at higher NaCl concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 promoted wheat growth under salt stress
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth”
e1“TL-6 effectively promoted wheat growth”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma longibrachiatum · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salinity · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 68 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
83 papers more in this group
See all 87 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.