Abstract
The auxin-like compound 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used as a plant growth regulator in cucumber fruit production; however, its influence on fruit development and metabolism has not been evaluated. In this study, the phenotype of cucumber fruits in both 2,4-D treatment and non-treatment control groups were recorded, and the metabolome of different segments of cucumber fruit at various sampling time points were profiled by a standardized non-targeted metabolomics method based on UPLC-qTOF-MS. The application of 2,4-D increased the early growth rate of the fruit length but had no significant effect on the final fruit length, and produced cucumber fruits with fresh flowers at the top. The 2,4-D treatment also affected the cucumber fruit metabolome, causing significant changes in the stylar end at 4 days after flowering (DAF). The significantly changed metabolites were mainly involved in methionine metabolism, the citric acid cycle and flavonoid metabolism pathways. At the harvest stage, 2,4⁻D treatment significantly decreased the levels of flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives while increased the levels of some of the amino acids. In summary, exogenous application of 2,4-D can greatly alter the phenotype and metabolism of cucumber fruit. These findings will assist in exploring the mechanisms of how 2,4-D treatment changes the fruit phenotype and evaluating the influence of 2,4-D treatment on the nutritional qualities of cucumber fruit.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D increased early fruit length growth rate.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- early growth rate of the fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 2,4-D increased the early growth rate of the fruit length but had no significant effect on the final fruit length”
t0“Cucumber Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D had no significant effect on final fruit length.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- final fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 2,4-D increased the early growth rate of the fruit length but had no significant effect on the final fruit length”
t0“Cucumber Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D produced cucumber fruits with fresh flowers at the top.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- cucumber fruits with fresh flowers at the tope0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“produced cucumber fruits with fresh flowers at the top”
e1“The application of 2,4-D increased the early growth rate of the fruit length but had no significant effect on the final fruit length”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D caused significant fruit metabolome changes at the stylar end at 4 DAF.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- stylar ende0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- cucumber fruit metabolomee0
- Qualifier
- 4 days after flowering (DAF)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2,4-D treatment also affected the cucumber fruit metabolome, causing significant changes in the stylar end at 4 days after flowering (DAF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Changed metabolites were mainly in methionine metabolism, the citric acid cycle and flavonoid metabolism pathways.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- significantly changed metabolitese0
- Qualifier
- methionine metabolism, the citric acid cycle and flavonoid metabolism pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significantly changed metabolites were mainly involved in methionine metabolism, the citric acid cycle and flavonoid metabolism pathways”
t0“Cucumber Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest, 2,4-D decreased flavonoid and cinnamic acid derivative levels.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- harvest stagee0
- Treatment
- 2,4⁻De0
- Outcome
- levels of flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivativese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the harvest stage, 2,4⁻D treatment significantly decreased the levels of flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives”
t0“Cucumber Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest, 2,4-D increased some amino acid levels.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- levels of some of the amino acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the levels of some of the amino acids”
e1“The application of 2,4-D increased the early growth rate of the fruit length but had no significant effect on the final fruit length”
t0“Cucumber Fruit”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · yield · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.