Abstract
The evolution of physical properties (shrinkage, density and porosity) of cylindrical shaped apple samples (Golden Delicious) during convective drying was investigated. For this purpose, the weight and the dimensions (diameter, height) of apple samples were monitoring at regular time intervals of the drying process. A constant drying rate period was not detected although considering the reduction of the exchange surface area. Apple exhibited a clear anisotropy behavior of the shrinkage coefficients. The volume shrinkage of apple samples showed a linear relationship with moisture content (R2 = 0.996). A theoretical relation between the surface ratio and the volume ratio was determined (R2 = 0.956). During drying process, the apparent density of apples decreased with decrease in moisture content following a second-degree polynomial curve (R2 = 0.991), whereas the true density aggrandized with removal of water. The porosity of apple samples was showed to increase as drying progressed. At the starting of the drying process, the porosity changes resulted from the reduction of the total volume. Then, the porosity changes during drying were found to be a consequence of a loss of water and a simultaneous reduction of gaseous volume.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
No constant drying rate period was detected.
- Outcome
- constant drying rate periode0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“A constant drying rate period was not detected”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple shrinkage coefficients showed anisotropy.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticae0 - Outcome
- anisotropy behavior of the shrinkage coefficientse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple exhibited a clear anisotropy behavior of the shrinkage coefficients.”
Claim · model-written summary
Volume shrinkage related linearly to moisture content.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- volume shrinkagee0
- Value
- R2 = 0.996e0
- Comparator
- moisture contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The volume shrinkage of apple samples showed a linear relationship with moisture content (R2 = 0.996).”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface and volume ratios had a theoretical relation.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“A theoretical relation between the surface ratio and the volume ratio was determined (R2 = 0.956).”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent apple density fell as moisture content fell.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- apparent densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- R2 = 0.991e0
- Comparator
- moisture contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During drying process, the apparent density of apples decreased with decrease in moisture content following a second-degree polynomial curve (R2 = 0.991)”
Claim · model-written summary
True density rose with water removal.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the true density aggrandized with removal of water”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple porosity increased through drying.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- dryinge0
- Outcome
- porositye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The porosity of apple samples was showed to increase as drying progressed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial porosity change resulted from total volume reduction.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“At the starting of the drying process, the porosity changes resulted from the reduction of the total volume.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later porosity change reflected water loss and gas volume reduction.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the porosity changes during drying were found to be a consequence of a loss of water and a simultaneous reduction of gaseous volume”