Abstract
Manure extracts possess great potential as alternate inorganic fertilizers. However, limited information exists on how manure influences plant growth. This study’s aim was to determine the impact of aerated manure extracts on romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) and Russian kale (Brassica napus var. ‘Red Russian’) in hydroponic systems. Chicken, cow, and turkey manure extract solutions (10, 25, and 50 g/L manure) were compared to a control (Hoagland) solution for lettuce and kale grown in an ebb and flow hydroponic system. The aboveground dry mass of lettuce grown in a 50 g/L turkey manure extract solution was greater than that of the control. The largest aboveground wet mass for kale occurred with the control. Nutrient analyses of all manure extract solutions showed a 29%–79% higher concentration of NH4–N and higher total nitrogen than the control. Principal component analysis of the nutrient solutions identified six nutrients that should be monitored to maximize plant yield when using manure extracts in hydroponics: NO3−, NH4+, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Na. Healthy lettuce and kale plants were grown in turkey manure extract solution (50 g/L). However, reduced aboveground wet and dry mass were recorded for both plants in chicken and cow manure extract solutions compared to the control. NH4+ toxicity likely killed all plants grown in chicken extract (50 g/L). Apart from NH4+ and P, all nutrients were below suggested concentrations suggested for lettuce growth. A combined manure/mineral fertilizer may be necessary to optimize hydroponic solutions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce aboveground dry mass was greater under 50 g/L turkey manure extract than control.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- 50 g/L turkey manure extract solutione0
- Outcome
- aboveground dry masse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aboveground dry mass of lettuce grown in a 50 g/L turkey manure extract solution was greater than that of the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale aboveground wet mass was largest with the control.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- aboveground wet masse0
- Direction
- largeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest aboveground wet mass for kale occurred with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure extract solutions had 29%–79% higher NH4–N concentration than control.
- Taxon
- lettuce and kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridisLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- concentration of NH4–Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 29%–79%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and kale”
e0“Nutrient analyses of all manure extract solutions showed a 29%–79% higher concentration of NH4–N and higher total nitrogen than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure extract solutions had higher total nitrogen than control.
- Taxon
- lettuce and kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridisLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- total nitrogene0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and kale”
e0“higher total nitrogen than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis identified six nutrients to monitor when using manure extracts: NO3−, NH4+, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Na.
- Taxon
- lettuce and kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridisLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- six nutrientse0
- Value
- six nutrientse0
- Qualifier
- NO3−, NH4+, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Nae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and kale”
e0“Principal component analysis of the nutrient solutions identified six nutrients that should be monitored to maximize plant yield when using manure extracts in hydroponics: NO3−, NH4+, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Na”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy lettuce and kale plants grew in 50 g/L turkey manure extract.
- Taxon
- lettuce and kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridisLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- turkey manure extract solution (50 g/L)e0
- Outcome
- Healthy lettuce and kale plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Healthy lettuce and kale plants were grown in turkey manure extract solution (50 g/L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicken manure extract reduced lettuce aboveground wet and dry mass versus control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- chickene0
- Outcome
- aboveground wet and dry masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced aboveground wet and dry mass were recorded for both plants in chicken and cow manure extract solutions compared to the control”
t0“lettuce and kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow manure extract reduced lettuce aboveground wet and dry mass versus control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- cow manure extract solutionse0
- Outcome
- aboveground wet and dry masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced aboveground wet and dry mass were recorded for both plants in chicken and cow manure extract solutions compared to the control”
t0“lettuce and kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicken manure extract reduced kale aboveground wet and dry mass versus control.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- chickene0
- Outcome
- aboveground wet and dry masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced aboveground wet and dry mass were recorded for both plants in chicken and cow manure extract solutions compared to the control”
t0“lettuce and kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow manure extract reduced kale aboveground wet and dry mass versus control.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- cow manure extract solutionse0
- Outcome
- aboveground wet and dry masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced aboveground wet and dry mass were recorded for both plants in chicken and cow manure extract solutions compared to the control”
t0“lettuce and kale”
Claim · model-written summary
NH4+ toxicity likely killed all plants in 50 g/L chicken extract.
- Taxon
- lettuce and kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridisLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- chicken extract (50 g/L)e0
- Compound
- NH4+e0
- Outcome
- killed all plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and kale”
e0“NH4+ toxicity likely killed all plants grown in chicken extract (50 g/L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Except NH4+ and P, nutrients were below suggested concentrations for lettuce growth.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- all nutrientse0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Qualifier
- Apart from NH4+ and Pe0
- Comparator
- suggested concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apart from NH4+ and P, all nutrients were below suggested concentrations suggested for lettuce growth”
Claim · model-written summary
A combined manure and mineral fertilizer may be necessary to optimize hydroponic solutions.
- Taxon
- lettuce and kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridisLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- combined manure/mineral fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and kale”
e0“A combined manure/mineral fertilizer may be necessary to optimize hydroponic solutions”
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