Abstract
Abstract Produced water (PW) from oil and gas operations is considered a potential resource for food crop irrigation because of increasing water scarcity in dryland agriculture. However, efforts to employ PW for agriculture have been met with limited success. A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plants were irrigated with water treatments containing 10 and 50% PW (PW10 and PW50, respectively) and compared to a matching 50% salinity (NaCl50) and 100% tap water controls. Compared to controls, plants watered with PW10 and PW50 exhibited developmental arrest and reductions in aboveground and belowground biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive growth. Decreases in grain yield ranged from 70 to 100% in plants irrigated with PW compared to the tap water control. Importantly, the PW10 and NaCl50 treatments were comparable for morphophysiological effects, even though NaCl50 contained 5 times the total dissolved solids, suggesting that constituents other than NaCl in PW contributed to plant stress. These findings indicate that despite discharge and reuse requirements focused on total dissolved solids, salinity stress may not be the primary factor affecting crop health. The results of the present study are informative for developing guidelines for the use of PW in agriculture to ensure minimal effects on crop morphology and physiology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1756–1769. © 2019 SETAC Abstract Given that produced water (PW) is a waste product requiring disposal by deep-well injection, and agricultural use of reclaimed water is an important way of meeting water demands in drought-stressed areas, we aim to evaluate the possible beneficial reuse of PW for use in agriculture and food by investigating the response of wheat to determine if minimally treated PW can be used to irrigate with minimal yield reduction and to assess if salinity (as TDS) is the primary factor governing response.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
PW10 and PW50 reduced aboveground and belowground biomass of spring wheat compared with controls.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- PW10 and PW50e1
- Outcome
- aboveground and belowground biomasse1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Comparator
- controlse1
- Setting
- greenhouse studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Compared to controls, plants watered with PW10 and PW50 exhibited developmental arrest and reductions in aboveground and belowground biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive growth”
Claim · model-written summary
PW10 and PW50 reduced photosynthetic efficiency and reproductive growth of spring wheat compared with controls.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PW10 and PW50e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive growthe1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Compared to controls, plants watered with PW10 and PW50 exhibited developmental arrest and reductions in aboveground and belowground biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive growth”
Claim · model-written summary
PW10 and PW50 caused developmental arrest in spring wheat compared with controls.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PW10 and PW50e1
- Outcome
- developmental arreste1
- Comparator
- controlse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Compared to controls, plants watered with PW10 and PW50 exhibited developmental arrest and reductions in aboveground and belowground biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation with PW decreased grain yield of spring wheat by 70 to 100% relative to tap water.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- irrigated with PWe2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- Decreasese2
- Value
- 70 to 100%e2
- Comparator
- tap water controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e2“Decreases in grain yield ranged from 70 to 100% in plants irrigated with PW compared to the tap water control”
Claim · model-written summary
PW10 and NaCl50 gave comparable morphophysiological effects on spring wheat.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PW10e3
- Outcome
- morphophysiological effectse3
- Direction
- comparablee3
- Comparator
- NaCl50e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e3“the PW10 and NaCl50 treatments were comparable for morphophysiological effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Constituents other than NaCl in produced water probably contributed to plant stress in spring wheat.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- plant stresse4
- Qualifier
- constituents other than NaCl in PWe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e4“suggesting that constituents other than NaCl in PW contributed to plant stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress may not be the primary factor affecting crop health of spring wheat irrigated with produced water.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- crop healthe5
- Qualifier
- salinity stress may not be the primary factore5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e5“salinity stress may not be the primary factor affecting crop health”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
190 papers in the same direction as this paper · 798 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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