Abstract
Core Ideas Soil texture and precipitation largely impact split fertilizer application efficacy. Split fertilizer application consistently increased grain yield in irrigated sands. In fine‐texture and well distributed rain, split application should be done by V8. In fine‐texture and poor distributed rain, split application made no yield difference. Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils. In‐season N fertilization is increasingly being used as a management strategy to reduce risk of N loss to the environment. This study evaluated the optimal timing for a split N fertilizer application in corn ( Zea mays L.) across different environments and soil textural classes in Minnesota. Treatments consisted of pre‐plant (PP) urea applied at 0 to 270 or 315 kg N ha −1 on increments of 45 kg N ha −1 and five split applications (SA) of 45 kg N ha −1 urea ammonium nitrate as starter fertilizer and 90 kg N ha −1 of urea with an urease inhibitor applied at the V2, V4, V6, V8, or V12 stage of corn phenological development. Site‐years were grouped according to grain yield response to fertilizer timing. Irrigated coarse‐textured soils produced 1.5‐ to 1.9‐fold greater grain yield when fertilizer was split applied from V4 to V12 due to improved synchrony of N availability to crop demand and reduced potential for NO 3 –N leaching. Rainfed, fine‐textured soils had mixed results. Site‐years receiving well‐distributed precipitation produced greater grain yield when fertilizer was split applied from V2 to V8, but early season N deficiency reduced yield for the V12 application. Site‐years with limited precipitation during the late vegetative through grain filling stages of corn had no improvement in grain yield or N use efficiencies for SA because dry soil conditions likely interfered with root development and made N fertilizer positionally unavailable to the crop. This study highlights that the success of SA is largely dictated by soil texture and precipitation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Split fertilizer application consistently increased grain yield in irrigated sands.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse3 - Treatment
- split fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- pre‐plant (PP) ureae1
- Setting
- irrigated sandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Split fertilizer application consistently increased grain yield in irrigated sands”
e1“pre‐plant (PP) urea”
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigated coarse-textured soils produced 1.5- to 1.9-fold greater grain yield when fertilizer was split applied from V4 to V12.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- fertilizer was split applied from V4 to V12e4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Value
- 1.5‐ to 1.9‐folde4
- Setting
- Irrigated coarse‐textured soilse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
e4“Irrigated coarse‐textured soils produced 1.5‐ to 1.9‐fold greater grain yield when fertilizer was split applied from V4 to V12”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed fine-textured soils had mixed results for split fertilizer application.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Outcome
- resultse5
- Setting
- Rainfed, fine‐textured soilse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
e5“Rainfed, fine‐textured soils had mixed results”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-distributed precipitation gave greater grain yield when fertilizer was split applied from V2 to V8.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- fertilizer was split applied from V2 to V8e6
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Setting
- Site‐years receiving well‐distributed precipitatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
e6“Site‐years receiving well‐distributed precipitation produced greater grain yield when fertilizer was split applied from V2 to V8”
Claim · model-written summary
A V12 split application reduced yield where early season N deficiency occurred.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- V12 applicatione7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Qualifier
- early season N deficiencye7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
e7“but early season N deficiency reduced yield for the V12 application”
Claim · model-written summary
Split application gave no improvement in grain yield or N use efficiencies in site-years with limited precipitation.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- SAe1
- Outcome
- grain yield or N use efficienciese1
- Direction
- no improvemente1
- Setting
- limited precipitatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
e1“Site‐years with limited precipitation during the late vegetative through grain filling stages of corn had no improvement in grain yield or N use efficiencies for SA”
Claim · model-written summary
In fine-textured soils with poorly distributed rain, split application made no yield difference.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- split applicatione2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- no yield differencee2
- Setting
- fine‐texture and poor distributed raine2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
e2“In fine‐texture and poor distributed rain, split application made no yield difference”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn response to split application was greater in coarse-textured than fine-textured soils.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- split applicatione3
- Outcome
- response to split applicatione3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Setting
- coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soilse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
Claim · model-written summary
The success of split N application is largely dictated by soil texture and precipitation.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Outcome
- success of SAe1
- Setting
- soil texture and precipitatione1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils”
e1“This study highlights that the success of SA is largely dictated by soil texture and precipitation”
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