Abstract
Study of plant growth regulators (PGRs) through conventional foliar application or tissue culture or other organic materials has limitations. No previous study has examined the effects of long‐term continuous addition of PGRs, with or without sucrose, to field‐grown corn ( Zea mays L.) plants. A field study was conducted to determine the effects on corn plant growth and productivity during the grain‐filling period of a continuous supply of PGRs, with or without sucrose, using a recently developed injection technique to deliver pressurized solutions through syringe needles sealed to the stem with latex. Our four PGRs (IAA, ABA, ethephon and salicylic acid) and a distilled water control, and two levels of sucrose (150 g l −1 and a distilled water control) were injected into corn plants for 42 consecutive days during the grain‐filling period. The plants injected with solutions not containing sucrose took up 42 ml more than those injected with sucrose‐containing solutions. Corn plants injected with salicylic acid (SA) produced 9 % more grain yield than plants injected with no PGRs. The combination of SA and sucrose increased the photosynthetic rate by 42 % when compared with distilled water. Injection of ethephon resulted in an 11 % reduction in grain yield. Neither IAA nor ABA altered plant photosynthesis or productivity. Sucrose injection increased the dry weight of injected internodes and stover, and induced partial stomatal closure, although without any measurable effect on net photosynthetic rate. This study showed that stem injection makes possible the study of changes in plant physiology during grain‐filling due to the effects of PGRs and metabolites administered continuously over protracted periods of time. It also demonstrated a previously undocumented stimulation of plant photosynthesis and grain yield by SA.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Plants without injected sucrose took up 42 ml more solution.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- solutions not containing sucrosee0
- Outcome
- took upe0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 42 mle0
- Comparator
- sucrose‐containing solutionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants injected with solutions not containing sucrose took up 42 ml more than those injected with sucrose‐containing solutions.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Injected salicylic acid raised grain yield by 9% over no PGR.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 9 %e0
- Comparator
- no PGRse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn plants injected with salicylic acid (SA) produced 9 % more grain yield than plants injected with no PGRs.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA plus sucrose raised photosynthetic rate by 42% over water.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- SA and sucrosee0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42 %e0
- Comparator
- distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of SA and sucrose increased the photosynthetic rate by 42 % when compared with distilled water.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon injection reduced grain yield by 11%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 11 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injection of ethephon resulted in an 11 % reduction in grain yield.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA did not alter photosynthesis or productivity.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- plant photosynthesis or productivitye0
- Direction
- Neithere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither IAA nor ABA altered plant photosynthesis or productivity.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA did not alter photosynthesis or productivity.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- plant photosynthesis or productivitye0
- Direction
- Neithere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither IAA nor ABA altered plant photosynthesis or productivity.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose injection increased dry weight of internodes and stover.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Sucrose injectione0
- Outcome
- dry weight of injected internodes and stovere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sucrose injection increased the dry weight of injected internodes and stover”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose injection induced partial stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Sucrose injectione0
- Outcome
- partial stomatal closuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sucrose injection increased the dry weight of injected internodes and stover, and induced partial stomatal closure”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose injection had no measurable effect on net photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Sucrose injectione0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- without any measurable effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sucrose injection increased the dry weight of injected internodes and stover, and induced partial stomatal closure, although without any measurable effect on net photosynthetic rate.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous stem injection enabled study of physiology during grain filling.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- study of changes in plant physiology during grain‐fillinge0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem injection makes possible the study of changes in plant physiology during grain‐filling due to the effects of PGRs and metabolites administered continuously over protracted periods of time.”
t0“corn”
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See all 57 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.