Abstract
In order to obtain plant material for in vitro bud formation studies, many preliminary experiments involving germination and seedling growth were conducted. Anatomical studies were conducted to establish the identity of underground parts. Cyclic temperature changes from 20 0C and 30 0C (12 hours each) provided 97, 80, and 21% germination for mottled, grey, and purple seeds in 12 days. Mottled seeds require only 2 cycles of alternating temperature to approach or equal the germination percent obtained with 10 additional temperature alternations. Two cyclic temperature changes provided that one-fourth of the maximum germination percent of grey and purple seeds obtained with 10 additional cycles. Hot water extracts of seeds inhibit seedling growth. Inhibition was less from extracts of more mature seeds (mottled) than from less mature seeds (grey and purple). Maximum growth of isolated root tips was obtained under alternating temperature conditions, when 20 mg per liter adenine sulfate had been added to the media. The greatest portion of the increase was due to the cyclic temperature changes. Kinetin was a potent inhibitor of seedling and isolated root tip growth, in culture, at concentrations as low as 10-4 mg per liter. Root segments from a plant grown on sucrose-based media were induced to maximum lateral root initiation by 1 mg per liter IAA. This same concentration of IAA allowed no buds to form. Maximum stimulation of bud formation was observed at 10-1 mg per liter kinetin. On root segments from a plant grown on sucrose-based media supplemented with adenine sulfate, IAA only induced callus. Bud formation was negligible or non-existent in both kinetin-treated and untreated segments. Maximum stimulation of bud formation on hypocotyl segments occurred at 10-2 mg per liter kinetin, and this effect was removed by 10-4 mg per liter IAA. The callus formation observed on the basipetal ends of untreated segments or segments treated with 10-4 mg per liter IAA was diminished as the concentration of included kinetin increased. The main axis of a mature plant of leafy spurge was composed of aboveground stem(s), a hypocotyl region, varying from a few millimeters to a few centimeters, a transition zone, and the primary root. This vertical primary root produced lateral roots, feeder roots, and adventitious buds. The lateral roots, and roots of other orders, produced additional lateral roots, feeder roots, and adventitious buds. The adventitious buds extended, forming vertical, underground, and aboveground shoots. In established patches of leafy spurge, about 90% of the aboveground shoots arose from adventitious buds on lateral roots. Crowns of buds, at and just below the soil surface, were formed both from vertical stems and from the collect or hypocotyl region of the main axis. The transition zone was found in the collect (lower hypocotylary swelling). The transition from exarch, radial stele of the root to endarch, collateral stele of the upper collet was complete in approximately 2500 microns. All root primordia and endogenous origin from pericycle or pericyclic tissues. Buds arose endogenously in roots but exogenously in the region of the hypocotyl with endarch protoxylem. In many cases, primordia were identified as roots or shoots prior to their emergence from the main axes.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Mottled seeds reached 97% germination under alternating 20 and 30 degree temperature cycles in 12 days.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)
Euphorbia esulat0 - Material
- mottlede1
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- Cyclic temperature changes from 20 0C and 30 0C (12 hours each)e1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Value
- 97e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Cyclic temperature changes from 20 0C and 30 0C (12 hours each) provided 97, 80, and 21% germination for mottled, grey, and purple seeds in 12 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Grey seeds reached 80% germination under alternating temperature cycles in 12 days.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Material
- greye1
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- Cyclic temperature changes from 20 0C and 30 0C (12 hours each)e1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Value
- 80e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Cyclic temperature changes from 20 0C and 30 0C (12 hours each) provided 97, 80, and 21% germination for mottled, grey, and purple seeds in 12 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Purple seeds reached 21% germination under alternating temperature cycles in 12 days.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Material
- purplee1
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- Cyclic temperature changes from 20 0C and 30 0C (12 hours each)e1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Value
- 21%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Cyclic temperature changes from 20 0C and 30 0C (12 hours each) provided 97, 80, and 21% germination for mottled, grey, and purple seeds in 12 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Two alternating temperature cycles gave mottled seeds germination close to that of ten additional cycles.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Material
- Mottled seedse4
- Treatment
- 2 cycles of alternating temperaturee4
- Outcome
- germination percente4
- Direction
- approach or equale4
- Comparator
- 10 additional temperature alternationse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e4“Mottled seeds require only 2 cycles of alternating temperature to approach or equal the germination percent obtained with 10 additional temperature alternations”
Claim · model-written summary
Two cyclic temperature changes gave grey and purple seeds one-fourth of the maximum germination obtained with ten additional cycles.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- Two cyclic temperature changese5
- Outcome
- germination percent of grey and purple seedse5
- Direction
- one-fourth of the maximume5
- Comparator
- 10 additional cyclese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e5“Two cyclic temperature changes provided that one-fourth of the maximum germination percent of grey and purple seeds obtained with 10 additional cycles”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water extracts of seeds inhibited seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- Hot water extracts of seedse6
- Outcome
- seedling growthe6
- Direction
- inhibite6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e6“Hot water extracts of seeds inhibit seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water extracts from more mature seeds inhibited seedling growth less than extracts from less mature seeds.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- extracts of more mature seeds (mottled)e7
- Outcome
- Inhibitione7
- Direction
- lesse7
- Comparator
- less mature seeds (grey and purple)e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e7“Inhibition was less from extracts of more mature seeds (mottled) than from less mature seeds (grey and purple)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating temperature with 20 mg per liter adenine sulfate gave maximum growth of isolated root tips.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- alternating temperature conditions, when 20 mg per liter adenine sulfate had been added to the mediae1
- Outcome
- growth of isolated root tipse1
- Direction
- Maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Maximum growth of isolated root tips was obtained under alternating temperature conditions, when 20 mg per liter adenine sulfate had been added to the media”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin at 10-4 mg per liter and above was a potent inhibitor of seedling and isolated root tip growth.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- Kinetine1
- Outcome
- seedling and isolated root tip growthe1
- Direction
- potent inhibitore1
- Value
- 10-4 mg per litere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Kinetin was a potent inhibitor of seedling and isolated root tip growth, in culture, at concentrations as low as 10-4 mg per liter”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA at 1 mg per liter induced maximum lateral root initiation on root segments.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- Root segmentse1
- Treatment
- 1 mg per liter IAAe1
- Outcome
- lateral root initiatione1
- Direction
- induced to maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Root segments from a plant grown on sucrose-based media were induced to maximum lateral root initiation by 1 mg per liter IAA”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA at 1 mg per liter allowed no buds to form.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- IAAe1
- Outcome
- buds to forme1
- Direction
- allowed no buds to forme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“This same concentration of IAA allowed no buds to form”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin at 10-1 mg per liter gave maximum stimulation of bud formation.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- kinetine1
- Outcome
- bud formatione1
- Direction
- Maximum stimulatione1
- Value
- 10-1 mg per litere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Maximum stimulation of bud formation was observed at 10-1 mg per liter kinetin”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA only induced callus on root segments grown on media supplemented with adenine sulfate.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- root segmentse1
- Treatment
- IAAe1
- Outcome
- calluse1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“On root segments from a plant grown on sucrose-based media supplemented with adenine sulfate, IAA only induced callus”
Claim · model-written summary
Bud formation was negligible in both kinetin-treated and untreated segments.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- kinetin-treatede1
- Outcome
- Bud formatione1
- Direction
- negligiblee1
- Comparator
- untreated segmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Bud formation was negligible or non-existent in both kinetin-treated and untreated segments”
Claim · model-written summary
Callus formation on basipetal segment ends was diminished as the included kinetin concentration increased.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- basipetal endse1
- Treatment
- included kinetine1
- Outcome
- callus formatione1
- Direction
- diminishede1
- Comparator
- untreated segmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“The callus formation observed on the basipetal ends of untreated segments or segments treated with 10-4 mg per liter IAA was diminished as the concentration of included kinetin increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin at 10-2 mg per liter gave maximum stimulation of bud formation on hypocotyl segments.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- hypocotyl segmentse1
- Treatment
- kinetine1
- Outcome
- bud formatione1
- Direction
- Maximum stimulatione1
- Value
- 10-2 mg per litere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Maximum stimulation of bud formation on hypocotyl segments occurred at 10-2 mg per liter kinetin”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA at 10-4 mg per liter removed the kinetin-induced bud formation effect.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- 10-4 mg per liter IAAe1
- Outcome
- effecte1
- Direction
- removede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“and this effect was removed by 10-4 mg per liter IAA”
Claim · model-written summary
About 90% of the aboveground shoots of established leafy spurge patches arose from adventitious buds on lateral roots.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- lateral rootse1
- Outcome
- aboveground shoots arose from adventitious budse1
- Value
- about 90%e1
- Setting
- established patchese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“In established patches of leafy spurge, about 90% of the aboveground shoots arose from adventitious buds on lateral roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Buds arose endogenously in roots but exogenously in the hypocotyl region.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Outcome
- Buds arose endogenously in roots but exogenously in the region of the hypocotyle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“Buds arose endogenously in roots but exogenously in the region of the hypocotyl with endarch protoxylem”
Claim · model-written summary
The exarch-to-endarch stele transition in the collet was complete in about 2500 microns.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)Euphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- collete1
- Outcome
- transition from exarch, radial stele of the root to endarch, collateral stele of the upper collete1
- Value
- approximately 2500 micronse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia Esula L.)”
e1“The transition from exarch, radial stele of the root to endarch, collateral stele of the upper collet was complete in approximately 2500 microns”