Abstract
Drought stress is one of the main constraints limiting worldwide crop production. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) such as Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium lipofrum have been shown to alleviate drought stress effects. Therefore, the interaction effect of AM fungi [ Glomus mosseae , G. etunicatum , and a mix of these (G. mix), and PGPB bacteria ( Azotobacter chroococcum + Azospirillium lipofrum )] was investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions. Drought stress reduced growth (plant height, root length, number of leaves, and fresh weight) and leaf nutrient content (N, P, and Zn) significantly of walnut plants. In contrast, proline, total soluble sugar, starch peroxidase enzyme activity, and total phenolic content of walnut leaves increased under this stress. Application of fungi or bacteria, and especially their simultaneous use, alleviated the negative effects of drought stress on walnut seedlings. AM fungi and PGPB increased significantly the content of some metabolites, including total phenolic content, proline level, peroxidase activity, total soluble sugar, and starch content as well as peroxidase enzyme activity. This led to an increase in walnut plant growth under the drought stress condition. Among AM fungi, G. etunicatum was more effective in reducing drought stress symptoms than either G. mosseae or the G. mix of fungi. In conclusion, use of G. etunicatum , along with PGPB, can reduce negative effects of drought stress on walnut seedlings.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced plant height, root length and number of leaves of walnut seedlings compared with normal conditions.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e1“Drought stress reduced growth (plant height, root length, number of leaves, and fresh weight) and leaf nutrient content (N, P, and Zn) significantly of walnut plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced fresh weight of walnut seedlings compared with normal conditions.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e1“Drought stress reduced growth (plant height, root length, number of leaves, and fresh weight) and leaf nutrient content (N, P, and Zn) significantly of walnut plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced leaf nutrient content of walnut seedlings compared with normal conditions.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e1“Drought stress reduced growth (plant height, root length, number of leaves, and fresh weight) and leaf nutrient content (N, P, and Zn) significantly of walnut plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased proline and total soluble sugar in walnut leaves.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e2“proline, total soluble sugar, starch peroxidase enzyme activity, and total phenolic content of walnut leaves increased under this stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased total phenolic content in walnut leaves.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e2“proline, total soluble sugar, starch peroxidase enzyme activity, and total phenolic content of walnut leaves increased under this stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased starch and peroxidase enzyme activity in walnut leaves.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e2“proline, total soluble sugar, starch peroxidase enzyme activity, and total phenolic content of walnut leaves increased under this stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungi and PGPB significantly increased total phenolic content, proline level and peroxidase activity in walnut.
- Taxon
- walnute0
- Treatment
- AM fungi and PGPBe5
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae5symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPBe5symbiont
- Outcome
- total phenolic content, proline level, peroxidase activitye5
- Direction
- increased significantlye5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e5“AM fungi and PGPB increased significantly the content of some metabolites, including total phenolic content, proline level, peroxidase activity, total soluble sugar, and starch content”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungi and PGPB significantly increased total soluble sugar and starch content in walnut.
- Taxon
- walnute0
- Treatment
- AM fungi and PGPBe5
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae5symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPBe5symbiont
- Outcome
- total soluble sugar, and starch contente5
- Direction
- increased significantlye5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e5“AM fungi and PGPB increased significantly the content of some metabolites, including total phenolic content, proline level, peroxidase activity, total soluble sugar, and starch content”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of fungi or bacteria increased walnut plant growth under drought stress.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e3“Application of fungi or bacteria, and especially their simultaneous use, alleviated the negative effects of drought stress on walnut seedlings”
e6“This led to an increase in walnut plant growth under the drought stress condition”
Claim · model-written summary
G. etunicatum was more effective than G. mosseae or the G. mix of fungi in reducing drought stress symptoms in walnut.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e4“Among AM fungi, G. etunicatum was more effective in reducing drought stress symptoms than either G. mosseae or the G. mix of fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Use of G. etunicatum with PGPB is recommended for walnut seedlings to reduce negative effects of drought.
Verbatim
e0“investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions”
e7“can reduce negative effects of drought stress on walnut seedlings”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.