Abstract
Decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) due to intensive tillage and removal or burning of crop residues is considered a major threat to maintaining soil quality and meeting future challenges of food production at national and global scales. Adoption of conservation-agriculture practices (no till and residue retention) is necessary to promote soil structural stability and increases in SOC content and enzyme activities. We evaluated the impact of tillage and residue-management practices on yield, soil labile-C pools, aggregate stability and soil enzyme activities after seven cycles of a rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system on the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India. Treatments included four combinations of tillage and crop establishment in rice (main plots), and three combinations of tillage and residue management in wheat (subplots). Irrespective of rice-establishment method, mean grain yield of no-till wheat with rice-residue mulch (NTW+RR) was 9% and 22% higher, respectively, than of conventional-till (CTW) or no-till wheat with no rice-residue mulch. Soil C pools (very labile, labile, less-labile and non-labile) were significantly higher under a no-till dry-seeded rice (NTDSR)–NTW+RR cycle than conventional-till puddled transplanted rice–CTW. Macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) had higher labile C pools, glomalin content and enzyme activities than micro-aggregates. NTW+RR significantly increased soil C pools within both macro- and micro-aggregates. Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil dehydrogenase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase activities by 23%, 34% and 14%, and water-soluble organic C by 31%, and increased water-stable aggregates and mean-weight-diameter. NTDSR–NTW+RR increased SOC, enzyme activity, aggregate stability and wheat grain yield. Results indicated that soil labile-C pools across aggregate fractions were the most sensitive indicators of soil quality when determining the effects of changes in management practices. Furthermore, adoption of no till and residue retention may improve sustainability in rice–wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
No-till wheat with rice-residue mulch had 9% higher mean grain yield than conventional-till wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- no-till wheat with rice-residue mulch (NTW+RR)e1
- Outcome
- mean grain yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 9%e1
- Comparator
- conventional-till (CTW)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“mean grain yield of no-till wheat with rice-residue mulch (NTW+RR) was 9% and 22% higher, respectively, than of conventional-till (CTW) or no-till wheat with no rice-residue mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
No-till wheat with rice-residue mulch had 22% higher mean grain yield than no-till wheat without rice-residue mulch.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- no-till wheat with rice-residue mulch (NTW+RR)e1
- Outcome
- mean grain yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 22%e1
- Comparator
- no-till wheat with no rice-residue mulche1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“mean grain yield of no-till wheat with rice-residue mulch (NTW+RR) was 9% and 22% higher, respectively, than of conventional-till (CTW) or no-till wheat with no rice-residue mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil C pools were significantly higher under no-till dry-seeded rice with NTW+RR than under conventional-till puddled transplanted rice with CTW.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae2 - Treatment
- no-till dry-seeded rice (NTDSR)–NTW+RR cyclee2
- Outcome
- Soil C pools (very labile, labile, less-labile and non-labile)e2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- conventional-till puddled transplanted rice–CTWe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Soil C pools (very labile, labile, less-labile and non-labile) were significantly higher under a no-till dry-seeded rice (NTDSR)–NTW+RR cycle than conventional-till puddled transplanted rice–CTW”
Claim · model-written summary
Macro-aggregates had higher labile C pools, glomalin content and enzyme activities than micro-aggregates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- labile C pools, glomalin content and enzyme activitiese7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- micro-aggregatese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e7“Macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) had higher labile C pools, glomalin content and enzyme activities than micro-aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
NTW+RR significantly increased soil C pools within both macro- and micro-aggregates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NTW+RRe1
- Outcome
- soil C poolse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“NTW+RR significantly increased soil C pools within both macro- and micro-aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil dehydrogenase activity by 23%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NTW+RRe1
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 23%e1
- Comparator
- CTWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil dehydrogenase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase activities by 23%, 34% and 14%, and water-soluble organic C by 31%, and increased water-stable aggregates and mean-weight-diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil cellulase activity by 34%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NTW+RRe1
- Outcome
- cellulasee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 34%e1
- Comparator
- CTWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil dehydrogenase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase activities by 23%, 34% and 14%, and water-soluble organic C by 31%, and increased water-stable aggregates and mean-weight-diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil alkaline phosphatase activity by 14%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NTW+RRe1
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 14%e1
- Comparator
- CTWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil dehydrogenase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase activities by 23%, 34% and 14%, and water-soluble organic C by 31%, and increased water-stable aggregates and mean-weight-diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased water-soluble organic C by 31%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NTW+RRe1
- Outcome
- water-soluble organic Ce1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 31%e1
- Comparator
- CTWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil dehydrogenase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase activities by 23%, 34% and 14%, and water-soluble organic C by 31%, and increased water-stable aggregates and mean-weight-diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased water-stable aggregates and mean-weight-diameter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NTW+RRe1
- Outcome
- water-stable aggregates and mean-weight-diametere1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- CTWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“Compared with CTW, NTW+RR increased soil dehydrogenase, cellulase and alkaline phosphatase activities by 23%, 34% and 14%, and water-soluble organic C by 31%, and increased water-stable aggregates and mean-weight-diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil labile-C pools across aggregate fractions were the most sensitive indicators of soil quality under the compared management practices.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- the most sensitive indicators of soil qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system”
e1“soil labile-C pools across aggregate fractions were the most sensitive indicators of soil quality when determining the effects of changes in management practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Adoption of no till and residue retention may improve sustainability in rice-wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- sustainabilitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“adoption of no till and residue retention may improve sustainability in rice–wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain”
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