Abstract
Abstract Biotic interactions shape community evolution, but we lack mechanistic insights on how metabolic and ecological processes under climate change are altered by biotic interactions. We used a two‐trophic model community consisting of the aphid Dysaphis plantaginea feeding on the forb Plantago lanceolata, and a grass competitor Lolium perenne that does not experience herbivory by the aphid. Monocultures and mixtures were exposed to the herbivory treatment and to three relevant simulated environmental changes as prevalent under current climate change (increased temperature, CO 2, and increased temperature and CO 2 ) Elevated CO 2 reduced the nitrogen content of P. lanceolata , while simultaneous increases of CO 2 and temperature modified the plant metabolic component and the magnitude of these responses in different directions. Elevated CO 2 enhanced defence systems in P. lanceolata , but these effects were not altered by warming. Interspecific plant competition did, however, neutralize these responses. There were no indirect effects of climate change on aphid population growth despite changes in plant defence, nutritional quality and biomass induced by our environmental change scenarios. We thus demonstrate interactions between abiotic and biotic processes on plant metabolite profiles, but more importantly, that climate change effects on a selection of the metabolic pathways are altered by herbivory and competition. Our experiment under semi‐natural conditions thus demonstrates the non‐additive and often neutralizing effects of biotic interactions on plant metabolism and species performance under climate‐associated environmental change. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO 2 reduced Plantago lanceolata nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolata
Plantago lanceolatae0 - Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO 2 reduced the nitrogen content of P. lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO 2 and temperature changed the plant metabolic component and response magnitudes in different directions.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae1
- Treatment
- simultaneous increases of CO 2 and temperaturee0
- Outcome
- plant metabolic componente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simultaneous increases of CO 2 and temperature modified the plant metabolic component and the magnitude of these responses in different directions.”
e1“Plantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO 2 enhanced defense systems in Plantago lanceolata.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- defence systemse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO 2 enhanced defence systems in P. lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming did not alter the elevated CO 2 defense response.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae1
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- these effectse0
- Direction
- not alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but these effects were not altered by warming.”
e1“Plantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant competition neutralized elevated CO 2 defense responses.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae1
- Treatment
- Interspecific plant competitione0
- Interactor
- Lolium perenne
Lolium perennee2weed - Outcome
- these responsese0
- Direction
- neutralizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interspecific plant competition did, however, neutralize these responses.”
e1“Plantago lanceolata”
e2“Lolium perenne”
Claim · model-written summary
Climate-change treatments had no indirect effect on aphid population growth.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae1
- Treatment
- climate changee0
- Interactor
- Dysaphis plantaginea
Dysaphis plantagineae2herbivore - Outcome
- aphid population growthe0
- Direction
- no indirect effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no indirect effects of climate change on aphid population growth despite changes in plant defence, nutritional quality and biomass induced by our environmental change scenarios.”
e1“Plantago lanceolata”
e2“Dysaphis plantaginea”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbivory and competition altered climate-change effects on selected plant metabolic pathways.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae1
- Treatment
- herbivory and competitione0
- Outcome
- metabolic pathwayse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“climate change effects on a selection of the metabolic pathways are altered by herbivory and competition.”
e1“Plantago lanceolata”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · disease · Plantago lanceolata (narrow-leaved plantain)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
co2 · nutrient: content · Plantago lanceolata (narrow-leaved plantain)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.