Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is widely distributed in China. This species has been used mainly in medicine due to the high concentration of chlorogenic acid (CGA), flavonoids, lignans, and other compounds in the leaves and barks. However, the categories of metabolites, dynamic changes in metabolite accumulation and overall molecular mechanisms involved in metabolite biosynthesis during E. ulmoides leaf growth and development remain unknown. Here, a total of 515 analytes, including 127 flavonoids, 46 organic acids, 44 amino acid derivatives, 9 phenolamides, and 16 vitamins, were identified from four E. ulmoides samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) (for widely targeted metabolites). The accumulation of most flavonoids peaked in growing leaves, followed by old leaves. UPLC-MS analysis indicated that CGA accumulation increased steadily to a high concentration during leaf growth and development, and rutin showed a high accumulation level in leaf buds and growing leaves. Based on single-molecule long-read sequencing technology, 69,020 transcripts and 2880 novel loci were identified in E. ulmoides. Expression analysis indicated that isoforms in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and flavonoid metabolic pathway were highly expressed in growing leaves and old leaves. Co-expression network analysis suggested a potential direct link between the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways via the regulation of transcription factors, including MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) and bHLH (basic/helix-loop-helix). Our study predicts dynamic metabolic models during leaf growth and development and will support further molecular biological studies of metabolite biosynthesis in E. ulmoides. In addition, our results significantly improve the annotation of the E. ulmoides genome.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
515 analytes were identified from Eucommia samples.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoides
Eucommia ulmoidese0 - Outcome
- analytese0
- Value
- 515e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, a total of 515 analytes, including 127 flavonoids, 46 organic acids, 44 amino acid derivatives, 9 phenolamides, and 16 vitamins, were identified from four E. ulmoides samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) (for widely targeted metabolites).”
Claim · model-written summary
127 flavonoids were identified from Eucommia samples.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidese0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Value
- 127e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, a total of 515 analytes, including 127 flavonoids, 46 organic acids, 44 amino acid derivatives, 9 phenolamides, and 16 vitamins, were identified from four E. ulmoides samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) (for widely targeted metabolites).”
Claim · model-written summary
46 organic acids were identified from Eucommia samples.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidese0
- Outcome
- organic acidse0
- Value
- 46e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, a total of 515 analytes, including 127 flavonoids, 46 organic acids, 44 amino acid derivatives, 9 phenolamides, and 16 vitamins, were identified from four E. ulmoides samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) (for widely targeted metabolites).”
Claim · model-written summary
44 amino acid derivatives were identified from Eucommia samples.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidese0
- Outcome
- amino acid derivativese0
- Value
- 44e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, a total of 515 analytes, including 127 flavonoids, 46 organic acids, 44 amino acid derivatives, 9 phenolamides, and 16 vitamins, were identified from four E. ulmoides samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) (for widely targeted metabolites).”
Claim · model-written summary
9 phenolamides were identified from Eucommia samples.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidese0
- Outcome
- phenolamidese0
- Value
- 9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, a total of 515 analytes, including 127 flavonoids, 46 organic acids, 44 amino acid derivatives, 9 phenolamides, and 16 vitamins, were identified from four E. ulmoides samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) (for widely targeted metabolites).”
Claim · model-written summary
16 vitamins were identified from Eucommia samples.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidese0
- Outcome
- vitaminse0
- Value
- 16e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, a total of 515 analytes, including 127 flavonoids, 46 organic acids, 44 amino acid derivatives, 9 phenolamides, and 16 vitamins, were identified from four E. ulmoides samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) (for widely targeted metabolites).”
Claim · model-written summary
Most flavonoids peaked in growing leaves.
- Taxon
- Eucommia ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidest0
- Organ / stage
- growing leavese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of most flavonoidse0
- Direction
- peakede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of most flavonoids peaked in growing leaves, followed by old leaves.”
t0“Eucommia ulmoides”
Claim · model-written summary
CGA accumulation increased during leaf growth.
- Taxon
- Eucommia ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidest0
- Organ / stage
- leaf growth and developmente0
- Outcome
- CGA accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UPLC-MS analysis indicated that CGA accumulation increased steadily to a high concentration during leaf growth and development, and rutin showed a high accumulation level in leaf buds and growing leaves.”
t0“Eucommia ulmoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Rutin accumulated highly in leaf buds and growing leaves.
- Taxon
- Eucommia ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidest0
- Organ / stage
- leaf buds and growing leavese0
- Outcome
- rutine0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UPLC-MS analysis indicated that CGA accumulation increased steadily to a high concentration during leaf growth and development, and rutin showed a high accumulation level in leaf buds and growing leaves.”
t0“Eucommia ulmoides”
Claim · model-written summary
69,020 transcripts were identified in Eucommia.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidese0
- Outcome
- transcriptse0
- Value
- 69,020e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on single-molecule long-read sequencing technology, 69,020 transcripts and 2880 novel loci were identified in E. ulmoides.”
Claim · model-written summary
2880 novel loci were identified in Eucommia.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidese0
- Outcome
- novel locie0
- Value
- 2880e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on single-molecule long-read sequencing technology, 69,020 transcripts and 2880 novel loci were identified in E. ulmoides.”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoforms of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were highly expressed in growing and old leaves.
- Taxon
- Eucommia ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidest0
- Organ / stage
- growing leaves and old leavese0
- Outcome
- flavonoid biosynthetic pathwaye0
- Direction
- highly expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression analysis indicated that isoforms in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and flavonoid metabolic pathway were highly expressed in growing leaves and old leaves.”
t0“Eucommia ulmoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoforms of the flavonoid metabolic pathway were highly expressed in growing and old leaves.
- Taxon
- Eucommia ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidest0
- Organ / stage
- growing leaves and old leavese0
- Outcome
- flavonoid metabolic pathwaye0
- Direction
- highly expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression analysis indicated that isoforms in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and flavonoid metabolic pathway were highly expressed in growing leaves and old leaves.”
t0“Eucommia ulmoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Coexpression suggests MYB and bHLH regulation links flavonoid and phenylpropanoid pathways.
- Taxon
- Eucommia ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidest0
- Gene
- MYBe0
- Outcome
- potential direct link between the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathwayse0
- Qualifier
- via the regulation of transcription factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-expression network analysis suggested a potential direct link between the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways via the regulation of transcription factors, including MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) and bHLH (basic/helix-loop-helix).”
t0“Eucommia ulmoides”
Claim · model-written summary
The results improved Eucommia genome annotation.
- Taxon
- E. ulmoidesEucommia ulmoidese0
- Outcome
- annotation of the E. ulmoides genomee0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, our results significantly improve the annotation of the E. ulmoides genome.”