Abstract
Abstract. Chilled aeration allows grain to be cooled, independent of ambient conditions, to “safe” temperatures at which insects, fungi, and spoilage development are reduced to a minimum. The objective of this research was to evaluate the advantages of using grain chilling to preserve the quality of grain and reduce post-harvest losses caused by insects and fungi, compared to the conventional aeration and storage strategies used during summer storage in central Kansas. The research trials were developed at a farmer’s cooperative in central Kansas in 2015 and 2016 on low-moisture wheat harvested during the summer of 2015 and 2016, respectively, and stored in two 1,350 metric ton (t) steel silos in which one was chilled and the other was used as a control managed by the cooperative. Temperature of the grain inside each silo was monitored with temperature cables. Variables evaluated were: moisture content (MC), grain and flour quality, insect-pest development and reproduction rate, insect fragments per 500 g of grain, and fungi presence. In 2015, the chilling treatment reduced the grain temperature from 28°C to 17°C in approximately 175 h, while in 2016 it took 245 h to reach about the same temperature with an initial grain temperature of 39°C. Grain temperatures below 25°C were not achieved in the control silo during the summer using ambient aeration. Minimum variation of MC was observed in the Chilled silo while ambient aeration reduced the moisture content by 0.5%. Reproduction rates of the red flour beetle and lesser grain borer were significantly reduced by chilling temperatures lower than 17°C. Lower temperatures also reduced insect populations detected in probe traps and insect damaged kernels. Insect fragments and fungi presence had no significant increase throughout the trials in either of the silos. No clear evidence of flour quality being better preserved at lower temperatures was detected. The energy cost of running the grain chiller was between 0.26-0.32 $/t higher than ambient aeration. Keywords: Ambient aeration, Grain chilling, Grain quality, Stored-product fungi, Stored-product insects, Summer storage, Wheat.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling reduced grain temperature from 28°C to 17°C in 175 h in 2015.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- chilling treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain temperaturee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28°C to 17°Ce0
- Qualifier
- approximately 175 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2015, the chilling treatment reduced the grain temperature from 28°C to 17°C in approximately 175 h”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling took 245 h to reach about 17°C from 39°C in 2016.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Chilled Aerationt0
- Outcome
- grain temperaturee0
- Value
- 39°Ce0
- Qualifier
- 245 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 2016 it took 245 h to reach about the same temperature with an initial grain temperature of 39°C”
t0“Chilled Aeration to Control Pests and Maintain Grain Quality during Summer Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient aeration failed to lower control silo grain temperature below 25°C.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ambient aeratione0
- Outcome
- Grain temperaturese0
- Direction
- not achievede0
- Value
- 25°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain temperatures below 25°C were not achieved in the control silo during the summer using ambient aeration”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture content varied minimally in chilled grain.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- MCe0
- Direction
- Minimume0
- Setting
- Chilled siloe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minimum variation of MC was observed in the Chilled silo”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient aeration reduced moisture content by 0.5%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ambient aeratione0
- Outcome
- moisture contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ambient aeration reduced the moisture content by 0.5%”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling below 17°C significantly reduced red flour beetle reproduction.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chilling temperatures lower than 17°Ce0
- Interactor
- red flour beetle
Tribolium castaneume0pest - Outcome
- Reproduction rates of the red flour beetlee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reproduction rates of the red flour beetle and lesser grain borer were significantly reduced by chilling temperatures lower than 17°C”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling below 17°C significantly reduced lesser grain borer reproduction.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chilling temperatures lower than 17°Ce0
- Interactor
- lesser grain borer
Rhyzopertha dominicae0pest - Outcome
- Reproduction rates of the red flour beetle and lesser grain borere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reproduction rates of the red flour beetle and lesser grain borer were significantly reduced by chilling temperatures lower than 17°C”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower temperature reduced trapped insect populations and damaged kernels.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Lower temperaturese0
- Interactor
- insecte0pest
- Outcome
- insect populations detected in probe traps and insect damaged kernelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower temperatures also reduced insect populations detected in probe traps and insect damaged kernels”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect fragments did not significantly increase in either silo.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Insecte0pest
- Outcome
- Insect fragmentse0
- Direction
- no significant increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insect fragments and fungi presence had no significant increase throughout the trials in either of the silos”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungi presence did not significantly increase in either silo.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- fungi presencee0
- Direction
- no significant increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insect fragments and fungi presence had no significant increase throughout the trials in either of the silos”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no clear evidence that cooler temperatures preserved flour quality better.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- lower temperaturese0
- Outcome
- flour qualitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No clear evidence of flour quality being better preserved at lower temperatures was detected”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Running the grain chiller cost 0.26-0.32 $/t more than ambient aeration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- energy coste0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.26-0.32 $/te0
- Comparator
- ambient aeratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The energy cost of running the grain chiller was between 0.26-0.32 $/t higher than ambient aeration”
t0“Storage of Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
cold · soil: physics · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.