Abstract
Incorporating foliar zinc (Zn) spray into existing pesticide application is considered highly cost-effective to biofortify wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Zn. However, the effectiveness of this combined approach in terms of Zn enrichment and bioavailability in grain and its milling fractions is not well examined. Two-year field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 with three sets of foliar applications (nil Zn as control, foliar Zn alone, and foliar Zn plus pesticides) at the anthesis, milk stage, or both. Compared to the control, grain yield was not affected by foliar Zn application alone or combined with pesticides, while the Zn concentrations and bioavailability substantially increased in the whole-grain, bran, and flour irrespective of spray timing. Yield losses by 28%–39% (2018 vs. 2017) led to 7%–18% and 18%–38% increase of Zn density in grain and flour, respectively. Further, such negative responses were uncoupled by foliar spray of Zn or Zn plus pesticides, and absent from the control plants. Nonetheless, grain Zn biofortification was achieved in both low- and high-yield plants with either Zn spray alone or combined with pesticides. Together with the enhanced Zn bioavailability in grain, bran, and flour, the effectiveness of this combined strategy is validated to biofortify wheat with Zn.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn application alone or combined with pesticides did not affect wheat grain yield compared with the control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- foliar Zn application alone or combined with pesticidese1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- not affectede1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to biofortify wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Zn”
e1“Compared to the control, grain yield was not affected by foliar Zn application alone or combined with pesticides”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn application alone or combined with pesticides increased Zn concentration and bioavailability in wheat whole grain, bran and flour regardless of spray timing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- whole-grain, bran, and floure2
- Treatment
- foliar Zn application alone or combined with pesticidese1
- Outcome
- Zn concentrations and bioavailabilitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to biofortify wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Zn”
e1“Compared to the control, grain yield was not affected by foliar Zn application alone or combined with pesticides”
e2“the Zn concentrations and bioavailability substantially increased in the whole-grain, bran, and flour irrespective of spray timing”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield losses of 28%–39% between years led to a 7%–18% increase of Zn density in wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Outcome
- Zn density in graine3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Value
- 7%–18%e3
- Qualifier
- Yield losses by 28%–39% (2018 vs. 2017)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to biofortify wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Zn”
e3“Yield losses by 28%–39% (2018 vs. 2017) led to 7%–18% and 18%–38% increase of Zn density in grain and flour, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield losses of 28%–39% between years led to an 18%–38% increase of Zn density in wheat flour.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- floure3
- Outcome
- Zn densitye3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Value
- 18%–38%e3
- Qualifier
- Yield losses by 28%–39% (2018 vs. 2017)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to biofortify wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Zn”
e3“Yield losses by 28%–39% (2018 vs. 2017) led to 7%–18% and 18%–38% increase of Zn density in grain and flour, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn spray alone or with pesticides uncoupled the negative responses of wheat (yield loss and Zn density gain), which were absent from control plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of Zn or Zn plus pesticidese4
- Outcome
- negative responsese4
- Direction
- uncouplede4
- Comparator
- control plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to biofortify wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Zn”
e4“such negative responses were uncoupled by foliar spray of Zn or Zn plus pesticides, and absent from the control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Zn biofortification was achieved in both low- and high-yield wheat plants with Zn spray alone or combined with pesticides.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Zn spray alone or combined with pesticidese5
- Outcome
- grain Zn biofortificatione5
- Direction
- achievede5
- Qualifier
- low- and high-yield plantse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to biofortify wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Zn”
e5“Nonetheless, grain Zn biofortification was achieved in both low- and high-yield plants with either Zn spray alone or combined with pesticides”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.