Abstract
Effectiveness of botanical insecticide formulations against cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snell.). Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a major pest on cocoa plants. The research aimed atfinding out botanical insecticide formulations that are effective against CPB. Plant materials used for preparing the formulations were cashew nut shell (Anacardium occidentale), whiteflower albizia (Albizia saponari), siam weed (Chromolaena odorata), and candle bush (Senna alata) extract. This research was conducted in the field using a randomized complete block design with the following treatments: formulation of cashew nut shell extract, cashew nut shell extract + whiteflower albizia bark extract, cashew nut shell extract + siam weed leaf extract, cashew nut shell extract + candle bush leaf extract, cashew nut shell extract + whiteflower albizia bark extract + siam weed leaf extract + candle bush leaf extract, and a synthetic insecticide formulation containing a mixture of lambda-cyhalotrin 106 g/L and thiametoxam 141 g/L as well as control (without botanical and synthetic insecticide treatment). The concentration of botanical pesticides applied from cashew nut shell extract used was 2.5 mL/L, while from other ingredients 250 mL/L.Variables observed were intensity of CPB infestation, degree of damage to the cocoa seed, and the efficacy of botanical insecticide treatments. The results showed that the test botanical insecticide formulations reduced the intensity of CPB infestation by 48.9–55.3% and the degree of seed damage by 52.3–58.2% compared with control. The efficacy of the test botanical insecticide formulations in controlling CPB was relatively the same when compared to each other, with a range of efficacy of 64.2–71.0%, but was lower than that of the synthetic insecticide formulation (92.8% efficacy). The implication of this research is that botanical insecticide formulations have the prospect of being continuously developed and have the potential to reduce the used of synthetic insecticides.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Botanical insecticide formulations reduced cocoa pod borer infestation intensity by 48.9–55.3% compared with control.
- Taxon
- cocoa plants
Theobroma cacaoe1 - Treatment
- test botanical insecticide formulationse3
- Interactor
- Conopomorpha cramerella
_1412164.jpg?width=60)
Conopomorpha cramerellae1pest - Outcome
- intensity of CPB infestatione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 48.9–55.3%e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- in the fielde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_1412164.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a major pest on cocoa plants”
e2“This research was conducted in the field using a randomized complete block design”
e3“the test botanical insecticide formulations reduced the intensity of CPB infestation by 48.9–55.3% and the degree of seed damage by 52.3–58.2% compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Botanical insecticide formulations reduced cocoa pod borer seed damage by 52.3–58.2% compared with control.
- Taxon
- cocoa plantsTheobroma cacaoe1
- Treatment
- test botanical insecticide formulationse3
- Interactor
- Conopomorpha cramerellaConopomorpha cramerellae1pest
- Outcome
- degree of seed damagee3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 52.3–58.2%e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- in the fielde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a major pest on cocoa plants”
e2“This research was conducted in the field using a randomized complete block design”
e3“the test botanical insecticide formulations reduced the intensity of CPB infestation by 48.9–55.3% and the degree of seed damage by 52.3–58.2% compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
The botanical insecticide formulations gave relatively the same efficacy against cocoa pod borer when compared with each other, at 64.2–71.0%.
- Taxon
- cocoa plantsTheobroma cacaoe1
- Treatment
- test botanical insecticide formulationse4
- Interactor
- Conopomorpha cramerellaConopomorpha cramerellae1pest
- Outcome
- efficacye4
- Direction
- relatively the samee4
- Value
- 64.2–71.0%e4
- Comparator
- each othere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a major pest on cocoa plants”
e4“The efficacy of the test botanical insecticide formulations in controlling CPB was relatively the same when compared to each other, with a range of efficacy of 64.2–71.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
The botanical insecticide formulations had lower efficacy against cocoa pod borer than the synthetic insecticide formulation (92.8%).
- Taxon
- cocoa plantsTheobroma cacaoe1
- Treatment
- test botanical insecticide formulationse4
- Interactor
- Conopomorpha cramerellaConopomorpha cramerellae1pest
- Outcome
- efficacye5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Value
- 92.8%e5
- Comparator
- synthetic insecticide formulatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a major pest on cocoa plants”
e4“The efficacy of the test botanical insecticide formulations in controlling CPB was relatively the same when compared to each other, with a range of efficacy of 64.2–71.0%”
e5“but was lower than that of the synthetic insecticide formulation (92.8% efficacy)”
Claim · model-written summary
Botanical insecticide formulations have the prospect of continued development and the potential to reduce synthetic insecticide use on cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoa plantsTheobroma cacaoe1
- Outcome
- being continuously developede6
- Qualifier
- reduce the used of synthetic insecticidese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a major pest on cocoa plants”
e6“botanical insecticide formulations have the prospect of being continuously developed and have the potential to reduce the used of synthetic insecticides”
The same questions in other papers
phytogenic insecticide · Conopomorpha cramerella · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.