Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a major phytopathogenic fungus, has been reported to infect more than 200 crop species worldwide, and it causes massive losses in yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory abilities and effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RS-25, Bacillus licheniformis MG-4, Bacillus subtilis Z-14, and Bacillus subtilis Pnf-4 and their culture filtrates and extracts against the gray mold caused by B. cinerea on postharvest tomato, strawberry, and grapefruit. The results revealed that the cells of Z-14, culture filtrate of RS-25, and cells of Z-14 showed the strongest biocontrol activity against the gray mold on the strawberry, grape, and tomato fruit, respectively. All the strains produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the VOCs of Pnf-4 displayed the highest inhibition values. Based on headspace solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, esters accounted for the largest percentage of the VOCs produced by RS-25, MG-4, Z-14, and Pnf-4 (36.80%, 29.58%, 30.78%, and 36.26%, respectively). All the strains showed potent cellulase and protease activities, but no chitinase activity. RS-25, Z-14, and MG-4, but not Pnf-4, grew on chrome azurol S agar, and an orange halo was formed around the colonies. All the strains showed biofilm formation, fruit colonization, and lipopeptide production, which may be the main modes of action of the antagonists against B. cinerea on the fruit. This study provides the basis for developing natural biocontrol agents against the gray mold caused by B. cinerea on postharvest fruit.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Z-14 cells gave the strongest control of gray mold on strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- cells of Z-14e0
- Interactor
- gray molde0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Z-14e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biocontrol activity against the gray molde0
- Direction
- strongeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the cells of Z-14, culture filtrate of RS-25, and cells of Z-14 showed the strongest biocontrol activity against the gray mold on the strawberry, grape, and tomato fruit, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
RS-25 filtrate gave the strongest control of gray mold on grape.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Treatment
- culture filtrate of RS-25e0
- Interactor
- gray molde0pathogen
- Second interactor
- RS-25e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biocontrol activity against the gray molde0
- Direction
- strongeste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the cells of Z-14, culture filtrate of RS-25, and cells of Z-14 showed the strongest biocontrol activity against the gray mold on the strawberry, grape, and tomato fruit, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Z-14 cells gave the strongest control of gray mold on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- cells of Z-14e0
- Interactor
- gray molde0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Z-14e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biocontrol activity against the gray molde0
- Direction
- strongeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cells of Z-14, culture filtrate of RS-25, and cells of Z-14 showed the strongest biocontrol activity against the gray mold on the strawberry, grape, and tomato fruit, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested strains produced volatile compounds, and Pnf-4 volatiles inhibited most strongly.
Verbatim
e0“All the strains produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the VOCs of Pnf-4 displayed the highest inhibition values.”
t0“Bacillus”
Claim · model-written summary
Esters were the largest share of VOCs from RS-25, MG-4, Z-14 and Pnf-4.
Verbatim
e0“esters accounted for the largest percentage of the VOCs produced by RS-25, MG-4, Z-14, and Pnf-4 (36.80%, 29.58%, 30.78%, and 36.26%, respectively).”
t0“Bacillus”
Claim · model-written summary
All strains showed cellulase and protease activity but no chitinase activity.
Verbatim
e0“All the strains showed potent cellulase and protease activities, but no chitinase activity.”
t0“Bacillus”
Claim · model-written summary
RS-25, Z-14 and MG-4 grew on chrome azurol S agar with orange halos, but Pnf-4 did not.
Verbatim
e0“RS-25, Z-14, and MG-4, but not Pnf-4, grew on chrome azurol S agar, and an orange halo was formed around the colonies.”
t0“Bacillus”
Claim · model-written summary
All strains formed biofilms, colonized fruit, and produced lipopeptides.
Verbatim
e0“All the strains showed biofilm formation, fruit colonization, and lipopeptide production”
t0“Bacillus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed biofilms, fruit colonization and lipopeptides as likely antagonistic modes against Botrytis.
- Taxon
- Bacillust0
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- modes of action of the antagonists against B. cinereae0
- Qualifier
- biofilm formation, fruit colonization, and lipopeptide productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofilm formation, fruit colonization, and lipopeptide production, which may be the main modes of action of the antagonists against B. cinerea on the fruit.”
t0“Bacillus”
The same questions in other papers
pathogen product · control · VitisPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.