Abstract
Background Styrax tonkinensis is a great potential biofuel as the species contains seeds with a particularly high oil content. Understanding the nutrient distribution in different parts of the fruit is imperative for the development and enhancement of S. tonkinensis as a biodiesel feedstock. Methods From 30 to 140 days after flowering (DAF), the development of S. tonkinensis fruit was tracked. The morphology change, nutrient content, and activity of associated enzymes in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel were analyzed. Results Between 30 and 70 DAF, the main locus of dry matter deposition shifted from the seed coat to the kernel. The water content within the pericarp remained high throughout development, but at the end (130 DAF later) decreased rapidly. The water content within both the seed coat and the kernel consistently declined over the course of the fruit development (30–110 DAF). Between 70 and 80 DAF, the deposition centers for sugar, starch, protein, potassium, and magnesium was transferred to the kernel from either the pericarp or the seed coat. The calcium deposition center was transferred first from pericarp to the seed coat and then to the kernel before it was returned to the pericarp. The sucrose to hexose ratio in the seed coat increased between 30 and 80 DAF, correlating with the accumulation of total soluble sugar, starch, and protein. In the pericarp, the sucrose to hexose ratio peaked at 40 and 100 DAF, correlating with the reserve deposition in the following 20–30 days. After 30 DAF, the chlorophyll concentration of both the pericarp and the seed coat dropped. The maternal unit (the pericarp and the seed coat) in fruit showed a significant positive linear relationship between chlorophyll b/a and the concentration of total soluble sugar. The potassium content had significant positive correlation with starch (ρ = 0.673, p = 0.0164), oil (ρ = 0.915, p = 0.000203), and protein content (ρ = 0.814, p = 0.00128), respectively. The concentration of magnesium had significant positive correlation with starch (ρ = 0.705, p = 0.0104), oil (ρ = 0.913, p = 0.000228), and protein content (ρ = 0.896, p = 0.0000786), respectively. Calcium content had a significant correlation with soluble sugar content (ρ = 0.585, p = 0.0457). Conclusions During the fruit development of S. tonkinensis , the maternal unit, that is, the pericarp and seed coat, may act a nutrient buffer storage area between the mother tree and the kernel. The stage of 70–80 DAF is an important time in the nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel. Our results described the metabolic dynamics of the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel and the contribution that a seed with high oil content offers to biofuel.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
The main dry matter deposition site shifted from seed coat to kernel between 30 and 70 DAF.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensis
Styrax tonkinensist0 - Organ / stage
- seed coate0
- Outcome
- dry matter depositione0
- Direction
- shiftede0
- Qualifier
- Between 30 and 70 DAFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Between 30 and 70 DAF, the main locus of dry matter deposition shifted from the seed coat to the kernel”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp water content remained high through most development but declined rapidly after 130 DAF.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- water contente0
- Direction
- decreased rapidlye0
- Qualifier
- 130 DAF latere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water content within the pericarp remained high throughout development, but at the end (130 DAF later) decreased rapidly”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Water content of the seed coat and kernel declined over 30–110 DAF.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- seed coat and the kernele0
- Outcome
- water contente0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- 30–110 DAFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water content within both the seed coat and the kernel consistently declined over the course of the fruit development (30–110 DAF)”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar, starch, and protein deposition centers moved to the kernel between 70 and 80 DAF.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- kernele0
- Outcome
- deposition centers for sugar, starch, proteine0
- Direction
- transferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Between 70 and 80 DAF, the deposition centers for sugar, starch, protein, potassium, and magnesium was transferred to the kernel from either the pericarp or the seed coat”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium and magnesium deposition centers moved to the kernel between 70 and 80 DAF.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- kernele0
- Outcome
- potassium, and magnesiume0
- Direction
- transferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Between 70 and 80 DAF, the deposition centers for sugar, starch, protein, potassium, and magnesium was transferred to the kernel from either the pericarp or the seed coat”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium deposition moved from pericarp to seed coat to kernel and back to pericarp.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- calcium deposition centere0
- Direction
- transferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The calcium deposition center was transferred first from pericarp to the seed coat and then to the kernel before it was returned to the pericarp”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed coat sucrose-to-hexose ratio increased between 30 and 80 DAF.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- seed coate0
- Outcome
- sucrose to hexose ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sucrose to hexose ratio in the seed coat increased between 30 and 80 DAF”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed coat sucrose-to-hexose ratio correlated with soluble sugar, starch and protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- seed coate0
- Outcome
- accumulation of total soluble sugar, starch, and proteine0
- Direction
- correlatinge0
- Qualifier
- sucrose to hexose ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sucrose to hexose ratio in the seed coat increased between 30 and 80 DAF, correlating with the accumulation of total soluble sugar, starch, and protein”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp sucrose-to-hexose ratio peaked at 40 and 100 DAF.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- sucrose to hexose ratioe0
- Direction
- peakede0
- Qualifier
- 40 and 100 DAFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the pericarp, the sucrose to hexose ratio peaked at 40 and 100 DAF”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp sucrose-to-hexose peaks correlated with reserve deposition in the following 20–30 days.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- reserve depositione0
- Direction
- correlatinge0
- Qualifier
- sucrose to hexose ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the pericarp, the sucrose to hexose ratio peaked at 40 and 100 DAF, correlating with the reserve deposition in the following 20–30 days”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp and seed coat chlorophyll concentration fell after 30 DAF.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- pericarp and the seed coate0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- droppede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 30 DAF, the chlorophyll concentration of both the pericarp and the seed coat dropped”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Maternal fruit tissue chlorophyll b/a had a significant positive linear relation with soluble sugar concentration.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- pericarp and the seed coate0
- Outcome
- concentration of total soluble sugare0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- chlorophyll b/ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maternal unit (the pericarp and the seed coat) in fruit showed a significant positive linear relationship between chlorophyll b/a and the concentration of total soluble sugar”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium content correlated positively with starch content (ρ = 0.673, p = 0.0164).
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Compound
- potassiume0
- Outcome
- starche0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- ρ = 0.673e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potassium content had significant positive correlation with starch (ρ = 0.673, p = 0.0164)”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium content correlated positively with oil content (ρ = 0.915, p = 0.000203).
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Compound
- potassiume1
- Outcome
- oile0
- Direction
- positivee1
- Value
- ρ = 0.915e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oil (ρ = 0.915, p = 0.000203)”
e1“The potassium content had significant positive correlation with starch”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium content correlated positively with protein content (ρ = 0.814, p = 0.00128).
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Compound
- potassiume1
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- positivee1
- Value
- ρ = 0.814e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein content (ρ = 0.814, p = 0.00128)”
e1“The potassium content had significant positive correlation with starch”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium concentration correlated positively with starch content (ρ = 0.705, p = 0.0104).
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Compound
- magnesiume0
- Outcome
- starche0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- ρ = 0.705e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of magnesium had significant positive correlation with starch (ρ = 0.705, p = 0.0104)”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium concentration correlated positively with oil content (ρ = 0.913, p = 0.000228).
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Compound
- magnesiume1
- Outcome
- oile0
- Direction
- positivee1
- Value
- ρ = 0.913e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oil (ρ = 0.913, p = 0.000228)”
e1“The concentration of magnesium had significant positive correlation with starch”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium concentration correlated positively with protein content (ρ = 0.896, p = 0.0000786).
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Compound
- magnesiume1
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- positivee1
- Value
- ρ = 0.896e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein content (ρ = 0.896, p = 0.0000786)”
e1“The concentration of magnesium had significant positive correlation with starch”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium content correlated significantly with soluble sugar content (ρ = 0.585, p = 0.0457).
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Compound
- Calciume0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contente0
- Direction
- correlatione0
- Value
- ρ = 0.585e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium content had a significant correlation with soluble sugar content (ρ = 0.585, p = 0.0457)”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
The maternal pericarp and seed coat may buffer nutrients between the mother tree and kernel.
- Taxon
- Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
- Organ / stage
- pericarp and seed coate0
- Outcome
- nutrient buffer storage areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maternal unit, that is, the pericarp and seed coat, may act a nutrient buffer storage area between the mother tree and the kernel”
t0“Styrax tonkinensis”