Abstract
uptake and water loss in plants. Stomata are defined by pairs of guard cells that perceive and transduce external signals, leading to cellular volume changes and consequent stomatal aperture change. Within the visible light spectrum, red light induces stomatal opening in intact leaves. However, there has been debate regarding the extent to which red-light-induced stomatal opening arises from direct guard cell sensing of red light versus indirect responses as a result of red light influences on mesophyll photosynthesis. Here we identify conditions that result in red-light-stimulated stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peels and enlargement of protoplasts, firmly establishing a direct guard cell response to red light. We then employ metabolomics workflows utilizing gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for metabolite profiling and identification of Arabidopsis guard cell metabolic signatures in response to red light in the absence of the mesophyll. We quantified 223 metabolites in Arabidopsis guard cells, with 104 found to be red light responsive. These red-light-modulated metabolites participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon balance, phytohormone biosynthesis and redox homeostasis. We next analyzed selected Arabidopsis mutants, and discovered that stomatal opening response to red light is correlated with a decrease in guard cell abscisic acid content and an increase in jasmonic acid content. The red-light-modulated guard cell metabolome reported here provides fundamental information concerning autonomous red light signaling pathways in guard cells.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Red light stimulated stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peels and enlargement of protoplasts, demonstrating a direct guard-cell response.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Organ / stage
- guard celle0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peels and enlargement of protoplastse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“red-light-stimulated stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peels and enlargement of protoplasts, firmly establishing a direct guard cell response to red light”
Claim · model-written summary
Among 223 quantified Arabidopsis guard-cell metabolites, 104 were responsive to red light.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Organ / stage
- guard cellse0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- metabolites in Arabidopsis guard cellse0
- Value
- 104e0
- Qualifier
- 223 metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We quantified 223 metabolites in Arabidopsis guard cells, with 104 found to be red light responsive.”
Claim · model-written summary
Red-light-modulated metabolites participated in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon balance, phytohormone biosynthesis and redox homeostasis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- red-lighte0
- Outcome
- tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon balance, phytohormone biosynthesis and redox homeostasise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“These red-light-modulated metabolites participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon balance, phytohormone biosynthesis and redox homeostasis.”
Claim · model-written summary
The stomatal opening response to red light correlated with decreased guard-cell abscisic acid content.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Organ / stage
- guard celle0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- guard cell abscisic acid contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We next analyzed selected Arabidopsis mutants, and discovered that stomatal opening response to red light is correlated with a decrease in guard cell abscisic acid content and an increase in jasmonic acid content.”
Claim · model-written summary
The stomatal opening response to red light correlated with increased jasmonic acid content.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- jasmonic acid contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We next analyzed selected Arabidopsis mutants, and discovered that stomatal opening response to red light is correlated with a decrease in guard cell abscisic acid content and an increase in jasmonic acid content.”
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