Abstract
To establish the optimum fertilization rate and propose an appropriate drip fertigation regime for winter wheat in the North China Plain (NCP), a three-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield, partial factor productivity (PFP), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) during 2014-2017. The experiment investigated five fertilization rates: 20%, 45%, 70%, 95%, and 120% of the local recommended fertilizer dose (336 kg/ha N and 169 kg/ha P2O5) for high grain yield. The results showed that with the increase of fertilization rates, the concentrations of the soil available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the 0–140 cm layer increased, and especially the N in deep layer (100–140 cm) and the P in surface layer (0–20 cm) increased evidently by 0.64 and 0.06 mg/kg with each unit increased of fertilization rate, respectively. Compared with the initial available nutrient concentrations, the fertilization rate of 45%–70% could basically maintain the balance of soil available N, and the fertilization rate of 70% provided a good balance for soil available P. Different fertilization rates had significant effects on winter wheat plant height (H), maximum leaf area index (LAI), dry matter (DM), grain yield, PFP, and IWUE. With each unit of increase in the fertilization rate, the winter wheat yield increased rapidly by 0.61% in the fertilization rate from 20%–70% and slowly by 0.32% in the fertilization rate from 70%–120%. The PFP decreased according to a power function with the increasing fertilization rate. Compared to the average grain yield and PFP under the local surface irrigation regime, drip fertigation of 70% of the local recommended fertilizer dose resulted in a yield increase of 4.0% and a PFP increase of 48.5%. To achieve a relatively high grain yield, high fertilization use efficiency, and minimize risk of environment pollution, a reduction in the fertilization rate to 70% of the local recommended fertilization dose (235 kg/ha N and 118 kg/ha P2O5) was suggested for winter wheat production under drip fertigation in the NCP.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Higher fertilization rates increased soil available N and P concentrations in the 0–140 cm layer.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- fertilization ratese1
- Outcome
- soil available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- 0–140 cm layere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e1“with the increase of fertilization rates, the concentrations of the soil available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the 0–140 cm layer increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The N concentration in the deep layer (100–140 cm) increased by 0.64 with each unit increase in fertilization rate.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fertilization ratee2
- Outcome
- N in deep layer (100–140 cm)e2
- Direction
- increased evidentlye2
- Value
- 0.64e2
- Setting
- deep layer (100–140 cm)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e2“especially the N in deep layer (100–140 cm) and the P in surface layer (0–20 cm) increased evidently by 0.64 and 0.06 mg/kg with each unit increased of fertilization rate, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The P concentration in the surface layer (0–20 cm) increased by 0.06 mg/kg with each unit increase in fertilization rate.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fertilization ratee2
- Outcome
- P in surface layer (0–20 cm)e2
- Direction
- increased evidentlye2
- Value
- 0.06 mg/kge2
- Setting
- surface layer (0–20 cm)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e2“especially the N in deep layer (100–140 cm) and the P in surface layer (0–20 cm) increased evidently by 0.64 and 0.06 mg/kg with each unit increased of fertilization rate, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
A fertilization rate of 45%–70% of the local dose could basically maintain the balance of soil available N relative to initial concentrations.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fertilization rate of 45%–70%e1
- Outcome
- balance of soil available Ne1
- Direction
- maintaine1
- Comparator
- initial available nutrient concentrationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e1“Compared with the initial available nutrient concentrations, the fertilization rate of 45%–70% could basically maintain the balance of soil available N, and the fertilization rate of 70% provided a good balance for soil available P”
Claim · model-written summary
A fertilization rate of 70% of the local dose provided a good balance for soil available P relative to initial concentrations.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fertilization rate of 70%e1
- Outcome
- balance for soil available Pe1
- Direction
- provided a good balancee1
- Comparator
- initial available nutrient concentrationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e1“Compared with the initial available nutrient concentrations, the fertilization rate of 45%–70% could basically maintain the balance of soil available N, and the fertilization rate of 70% provided a good balance for soil available P”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization rates had significant effects on winter wheat plant height, maximum leaf area index and dry matter.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- fertilization ratese3
- Outcome
- plant height (H), maximum leaf area index (LAI), dry matter (DM)e3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e3“Different fertilization rates had significant effects on winter wheat plant height (H), maximum leaf area index (LAI), dry matter (DM), grain yield, PFP, and IWUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization rates had significant effects on winter wheat grain yield, PFP and IWUE.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- fertilization ratese3
- Outcome
- grain yield, PFP, and IWUEe3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e3“Different fertilization rates had significant effects on winter wheat plant height (H), maximum leaf area index (LAI), dry matter (DM), grain yield, PFP, and IWUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat yield increased rapidly by 0.61% in the fertilization rate range 20%–70%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- fertilization ratee4
- Outcome
- winter wheat yielde4
- Direction
- increased rapidlye4
- Value
- 0.61%e4
- Qualifier
- from 20%–70%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e4“the winter wheat yield increased rapidly by 0.61% in the fertilization rate from 20%–70% and slowly by 0.32% in the fertilization rate from 70%–120%”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat yield increased slowly by 0.32% in the fertilization rate range 70%–120%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- fertilization ratee4
- Outcome
- winter wheat yielde4
- Direction
- slowlye4
- Value
- 0.32%e4
- Qualifier
- from 70%–120%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e4“the winter wheat yield increased rapidly by 0.61% in the fertilization rate from 20%–70% and slowly by 0.32% in the fertilization rate from 70%–120%”
Claim · model-written summary
PFP decreased with increasing fertilization rate according to a power function.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fertilization ratee5
- Outcome
- PFPe5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Qualifier
- according to a power functione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e5“The PFP decreased according to a power function with the increasing fertilization rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip fertigation at 70% of the local fertilizer dose increased grain yield by 4.0% relative to the local surface irrigation regime.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- drip fertigation of 70% of the local recommended fertilizer dosee6
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 4.0%e6
- Comparator
- local surface irrigation regimee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e6“Compared to the average grain yield and PFP under the local surface irrigation regime, drip fertigation of 70% of the local recommended fertilizer dose resulted in a yield increase of 4.0% and a PFP increase of 48.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip fertigation at 70% of the local fertilizer dose increased PFP by 48.5% relative to the local surface irrigation regime.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- drip fertigation of 70% of the local recommended fertilizer dosee6
- Outcome
- PFPe6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 48.5%e6
- Comparator
- local surface irrigation regimee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e6“Compared to the average grain yield and PFP under the local surface irrigation regime, drip fertigation of 70% of the local recommended fertilizer dose resulted in a yield increase of 4.0% and a PFP increase of 48.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
A fertilization rate reduced to 70% of the local recommended dose is suggested for winter wheat under drip fertigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- reduction in the fertilization rate to 70%e7
- Qualifier
- 235 kg/ha N and 118 kg/ha P2O5e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effects of drip fertigation levels on soil available nutrients, winter wheat growth, grain yield”
e7“a reduction in the fertilization rate to 70% of the local recommended fertilization dose (235 kg/ha N and 118 kg/ha P2O5) was suggested for winter wheat production under drip fertigation”
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