Abstract
Conventional water and nitrogen (N) management practice in north China, comprising flood irrigation and N fertilizer broadcast (FB), limits sustainable wheat production. Drip fertigation (DF) has been widely adopted in wheat production in recent years and has effectively improved yields. However, the responses of the yield and quality to the N topdressing rate (NTR) under DF are still unclear. This study determined the responses of the wheat yield and quality to NTR under DF, as well as assessing whether DF could synergistically increase the yield and quality. A field experiment was conducted in north China for two seasons (2021–2023) using a split-plot design with three replicates. The main plot used the management practice (FB and DF) and the sub-plot had N treatment (no N applied, and NTRs of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha−1 with 150 kg N ha−1 as basal fertilizer, denoted as N0, T0, T40, T80, T120, and T160, respectively). Our results showed that high and saturated wheat yields (12.08 and 11.46 t ha−1) were obtained under DF at T80, and the highest yields were produced at T160 (11.71 and 11.30 t ha−1) under FB. Compared with FB, the greatest yield increase of 10.4–12.6% was achieved at T80 under DF. A higher spike number due to the increased effective stem percentage and a greater grain weight because of enhanced post-anthesis biomass production (BPpost) explained the improved yield under DF. The enhanced post-anthesis radiation use efficiency (RUE) led to the greater BPpost under DF. The enhanced specific leaf N, antioxidant capacity, and stomatal conductance under DF explained the higher light-saturated photosynthesis rate of flag leaves, which partly led to the increased post-anthesis RUE. NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1 did not enhance the yield, but it significantly improved the gliadin and glutelin contents, thereby leading to a higher total protein content, better gluten characteristics, and superior processing quality. Therefore, drip fertigation is a practical strategy for increasing both yield and quality with reduced water input and appropriate N input in irrigated winter wheat in north China. Applying 80 kg ha−1 of NTR under drip irrigation produces a high yield, but further gain in grain quality needs a higher NTR.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Under drip fertigation at T80, wheat yields were 12.08 and 11.46 t ha−1 across two seasons.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- DF at T80e0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 12.08 and 11.46 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high and saturated wheat yields (12.08 and 11.46 t ha−1) were obtained under DF at T80”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Under broadcast fertilization at T160, highest yields were 11.71 and 11.30 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T160e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11.71 and 11.30 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest yields were produced at T160 (11.71 and 11.30 t ha−1) under FB”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
At T80, drip fertigation increased yield by 10.4–12.6% compared with broadcast fertilization.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DFe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10.4–12.6%e0
- Qualifier
- T80e0
- Comparator
- FBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FB, the greatest yield increase of 10.4–12.6% was achieved at T80 under DF”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip fertigation increased spike number through a higher effective stem percentage.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DFe1
- Outcome
- spike numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- increased effective stem percentagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A higher spike number due to the increased effective stem percentage”
e1“improved yield under DF”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip fertigation increased grain weight through enhanced post-anthesis biomass production.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DFe1
- Outcome
- grain weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- enhanced post-anthesis biomass productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a greater grain weight because of enhanced post-anthesis biomass production (BPpost)”
e1“improved yield under DF”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced post-anthesis radiation use efficiency increased post-anthesis biomass production under drip fertigation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DFe0
- Outcome
- BPposte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- enhanced post-anthesis radiation use efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The enhanced post-anthesis radiation use efficiency (RUE) led to the greater BPpost under DF”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drip fertigation, enhanced specific leaf nitrogen, antioxidant capacity, and stomatal conductance explained higher flag-leaf photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- DFe0
- Outcome
- light-saturated photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- enhanced specific leaf N, antioxidant capacity, and stomatal conductancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The enhanced specific leaf N, antioxidant capacity, and stomatal conductance under DF explained the higher light-saturated photosynthesis rate of flag leaves”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher flag-leaf photosynthesis partly increased post-anthesis radiation use efficiency.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- post-anthesis RUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- higher light-saturated photosynthesis rate of flag leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher light-saturated photosynthesis rate of flag leaves, which partly led to the increased post-anthesis RUE”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen topdressing above 80 kg ha−1 did not enhance wheat yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not enhancee0
- Comparator
- 80 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1 did not enhance the yield”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen topdressing above 80 kg ha−1 significantly increased gliadin and glutelin contents.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- gliadin and glutelin contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- 80 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1 did not enhance the yield, but it significantly improved the gliadin and glutelin contents”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher gliadin and glutelin contents led to higher total protein content.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total protein contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- gliadin and glutelin contentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gliadin and glutelin contents, thereby leading to a higher total protein content”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen topdressing above 80 kg ha−1 improved gluten characteristics.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- gluten characteristicse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- 80 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1 did not enhance the yield, but it significantly improved the gliadin and glutelin contents, thereby leading to a higher total protein content, better gluten characteristics, and superior processing quality”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen topdressing above 80 kg ha−1 improved processing quality.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- processing qualitye0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- 80 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NTR higher than 80 kg ha−1 did not enhance the yield, but it significantly improved the gliadin and glutelin contents, thereby leading to a higher total protein content, better gluten characteristics, and superior processing quality”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend drip fertigation with suitable nitrogen input to raise wheat yield and quality while reducing water input.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drip fertigatione0
- Outcome
- increasing both yield and qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip fertigation is a practical strategy for increasing both yield and quality with reduced water input and appropriate N input”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 80 kg ha−1 nitrogen topdressing under drip irrigation for high yield, with a higher rate for further grain-quality gain.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 80 kg ha−1 of NTR under drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- a high yielde0
- Qualifier
- further gain in grain quality needs a higher NTRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 80 kg ha−1 of NTR under drip irrigation produces a high yield, but further gain in grain quality needs a higher NTR”
t0“Irrigated Winter Wheat in North China”
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