Abstract
The effectiveness and longevity of amendments will influence the reduction in cadmium (Cd) bioavailability by in situ remediation techniques. Different amendments, including red mud (RM), corn straw (CS), rape straw (RS), and their combinations with zinc (Zn) fertilizer, were evaluated based on a long-term field experiment. It was found that all amendments decreased the concentration of available-Cd (EDTA-Cd and Exch-Cd) in soil and also reduced the Cd content (%) in plants. The amendments were still effective after eight years, although the effect did decline over time. The reduction of plant Cd content was 83.5% for red mud plus rape straw (RMRS), 65.3% for red mud plus corn straw (RMCS), 50.9% for RS, 54.0% for RM, and 37.3% for CS in the first few years. The reduction in plant Cd content was still 17.2% for RMRS after eight years, and RMRS was found to be the most effective treatment for decreasing Cd bioavailability. This study also explained that why the reduction in plant Cd content declined over time is the change of available Cd content in soil over time, which is important for guiding agricultural practice. It was concluded that RM, CS, RS, and their combinations with Zn fertilizer as effective amendments can have a profound and lasting positive impact on Cd-contaminated soils.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
All amendments decreased available soil cadmium.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- all amendmentse0
- Outcome
- available-Cd (EDTA-Cd and Exch-Cd) in soile0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“It was found that all amendments decreased the concentration of available-Cd (EDTA-Cd and Exch-Cd) in soil and also reduced the Cd content (%) in plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
All amendments reduced plant cadmium content.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- all amendmentse0
- Outcome
- Cd content (%) in plantse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“It was found that all amendments decreased the concentration of available-Cd (EDTA-Cd and Exch-Cd) in soil and also reduced the Cd content (%) in plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments remained effective after eight years, though effectiveness declined over time.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- still effective after eight yearse0
- Qualifier
- effect did decline over timee0
Verbatim
e0“The amendments were still effective after eight years, although the effect did decline over time.”
e1“Cd content (%) in plants”
Claim · model-written summary
red mud plus rape straw (RMRS) reduced plant Cd content by 83.5% in the first few years.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Treatment
- red mud plus rape straw (RMRS)e0
- Outcome
- plant Cd contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 83.5%e0
- Qualifier
- in the first few yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of plant Cd content was 83.5% for red mud plus rape straw (RMRS), 65.3% for red mud plus corn straw (RMCS), 50.9% for RS, 54.0% for RM, and 37.3% for CS in the first few years.”
Claim · model-written summary
red mud plus corn straw (RMCS) reduced plant Cd content by 65.3% in the first few years.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Treatment
- red mud plus corn straw (RMCS)e0
- Outcome
- plant Cd contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 65.3%e0
- Qualifier
- in the first few yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of plant Cd content was 83.5% for red mud plus rape straw (RMRS), 65.3% for red mud plus corn straw (RMCS), 50.9% for RS, 54.0% for RM, and 37.3% for CS in the first few years.”
Claim · model-written summary
RS reduced plant Cd content by 50.9% in the first few years.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Treatment
- RSe0
- Outcome
- plant Cd contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 50.9%e0
- Qualifier
- in the first few yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of plant Cd content was 83.5% for red mud plus rape straw (RMRS), 65.3% for red mud plus corn straw (RMCS), 50.9% for RS, 54.0% for RM, and 37.3% for CS in the first few years.”
Claim · model-written summary
RM reduced plant Cd content by 54.0% in the first few years.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Treatment
- RMe0
- Outcome
- plant Cd contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 54.0%e0
- Qualifier
- in the first few yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of plant Cd content was 83.5% for red mud plus rape straw (RMRS), 65.3% for red mud plus corn straw (RMCS), 50.9% for RS, 54.0% for RM, and 37.3% for CS in the first few years.”
Claim · model-written summary
CS reduced plant Cd content by 37.3% in the first few years.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Treatment
- CSe0
- Outcome
- plant Cd contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 37.3%e0
- Qualifier
- in the first few yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of plant Cd content was 83.5% for red mud plus rape straw (RMRS), 65.3% for red mud plus corn straw (RMCS), 50.9% for RS, 54.0% for RM, and 37.3% for CS in the first few years.”
Claim · model-written summary
RMRS still reduced plant Cd content by 17.2% after eight years.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Treatment
- RMRSe0
- Outcome
- plant Cd contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 17.2%e0
- Qualifier
- after eight yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in plant Cd content was still 17.2% for RMRS after eight years, and RMRS was found to be the most effective treatment for decreasing Cd bioavailability.”
Claim · model-written summary
RMRS was the most effective treatment at decreasing cadmium bioavailability.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in plant Cd content was still 17.2% for RMRS after eight years, and RMRS was found to be the most effective treatment for decreasing Cd bioavailability.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute declining reductions in plant cadmium content to changes in available soil cadmium over time.
Verbatim
e0“This study also explained that why the reduction in plant Cd content declined over time is the change of available Cd content in soil over time, which is important for guiding agricultural practice.”
The same questions in other papers
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.