Abstract
Tillage methods in the Corn Belt have changed rapidly in recent years. Tillage methods that eliminate moldboard plowing have become popular in localized areas. Also crop production has changed. Crop rotations that included grass-legume sod have changed to continuous corn and, more recently, the corn-soybean rotation has become a common agricultural practice in the region. A study of crop rotation and tillage systems has been conducted at the Purdue Agronomy Farm, on a Chalmers silty clay loam soil, since 1975. The objective of this research was to collect data on those plots to study how the tillage systems and crop rotations are affecting some soil physical properties of the soil such as bulk density, soil moisture content and soil temperature, residue cover, fertilizer incorporation, plant nutrition and root distribution, and how such changes affect crop growth and yield. Bulk densities were lowest in the chiseled plots and highest in the no-tilled plots. Soil temperatures were highest in the conventional and ridge system and lowest in the no-till. Soil temperatures were higher when the previous crop was soybeans rather than corn. Conventional tillage had lower soil moisture content than the other tillage systems especially in plots with corn residue. Lowest pH values were measured at 7.5-15 cm depth as a result of nitrogen incorporation at that depth. Moldboard plowing had phosphorus and potassium well distributed in the plowed layer. Chisel, ridge and no-till had these elements concentrated in the upper few cms. Some chemical elements in corn and soybean leaves were affected by the treatments. Corn rooting density was greater on the upper 7.5 cm soil depth and lower in the 7.5-15 cm soil depth in no-till than in chisel, ridge or the conventional systems. Soybean root density was higher in the upper layer and decreased with depth in all tillage systems. Even though the treatments affected several soil conditions and plant characteristics, soil temperature as a result of residue cover was the variable that most affect the differences in corn yield among the treatments. No significant correlation was found between soybean yield and any variable studied.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density was lowest under chisel tillage.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Bulk densities were lowest in the chiseled plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density was highest under no-till.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Bulk densities were lowest in the chiseled plots and highest in the no-tilled plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil temperature was highest in conventional and ridge systems.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil temperatures were highest in the conventional and ridge system”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil temperature was lowest under no-till.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil temperatures were highest in the conventional and ridge system and lowest in the no-till”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil temperature was higher after soybeans than after corn.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- previous crop was soybeanse0
- Outcome
- Soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- corne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil temperatures were higher when the previous crop was soybeans rather than corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage had lower soil moisture, especially with corn residue.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- Conventional tillagee0
- Outcome
- soil moisture contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- plots with corn residuee0
- Comparator
- other tillage systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage had lower soil moisture content than the other tillage systems especially in plots with corn residue”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH was lowest at 7.5-15 cm following nitrogen incorporation.
Not reportedTaxonOrgan / stage
Verbatim
e0“Lowest pH values were measured at 7.5-15 cm depth as a result of nitrogen incorporation at that depth”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard plowing distributed phosphorus and potassium through the plowed layer.
- Treatment
- Moldboard plowinge0
- Outcome
- phosphorus and potassium well distributede0
- Qualifier
- plowed layere0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Moldboard plowing had phosphorus and potassium well distributed in the plowed layer”
Claim · model-written summary
Chisel, ridge and no-till concentrated phosphorus and potassium near the surface.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Chisel, ridge and no-till had these elements concentrated in the upper few cms”
e1“phosphorus and potassium well distributed in the plowed layer”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments affected chemical elements in corn and soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- corn and soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Some chemical elements in corn and soybean leavese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some chemical elements in corn and soybean leaves were affected by the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
No-till had greater corn rooting density in the upper 7.5 cm than other tillage systems.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- no-tille0
- Outcome
- rooting densitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- upper 7.5 cm soil depthe0
- Comparator
- chisel, ridge or the conventional systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn rooting density was greater on the upper 7.5 cm soil depth and lower in the 7.5-15 cm soil depth in no-till than in chisel, ridge or the conventional systems”
Claim · model-written summary
No-till had lower corn rooting density at 7.5-15 cm than other tillage systems.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- no-tille0
- Outcome
- rooting densitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 7.5-15 cm soil depthe0
- Comparator
- chisel, ridge or the conventional systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn rooting density was greater on the upper 7.5 cm soil depth and lower in the 7.5-15 cm soil depth in no-till than in chisel, ridge or the conventional systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean root density was higher in the upper layer and declined with depth across tillage systems.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- root densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- with depth in all tillage systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean root density was higher in the upper layer and decreased with depth in all tillage systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil temperature associated with residue cover most affected differences in corn yield among treatments.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- residue covere0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Qualifier
- soil temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil temperature as a result of residue cover was the variable that most affect the differences in corn yield among the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield did not significantly correlate with any studied variable.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Comparator
- any variable studiede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant correlation was found between soybean yield and any variable studied”