Abstract
Abstract Parthenocarpy is a valuable trait in self-incompatible plants, such as pear. N -(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)- N’ -phenylurea (CPPU), a synthetic cytokinin analog, can induce parthenocarpy in pear ( Pyrus spp.), but the mechanism of induction is unclear. To investigate the role of gibberellin in CPPU-induced parthenocarpy in pear, CPPU supplemented with paclobutrazol (PAC) was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear. We found that the fruit set rate of pear treated with CPPU supplemented with PAC was identical to that in a CPPU-alone treatment group. In regard to cell development, CPPU mainly promoted hypanthium cell division and expansion, and PAC application had no influence on CPPU-induced cell development. RNA sequencing revealed that gibberellin 20 oxidase and gibberellin 3 oxidase genes were not differentially expressed following CPPU treatment. According to the analysis of fruit phytohormone content, the CPPU treatments did not induce gibberellin biosynthesis. These results suggest that CPPU-induced parthenocarpy may be gibberellin independent in ‘Dangshansu’ pear. After CPPU treatment, the indole acetic acid (IAA) content in fruit was significantly increased, and the abscisic acid (ABA) content was significantly decreased. Similarly, RNA sequencing revealed that many genes involved in the auxin and ABA pathways were significantly differentially expressed in the CPPU treatment groups; among them, indole-3-pyruvate monooxygenase ( YUCCA ) was significantly upregulated and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase ( NCED ) was significantly downregulated. IAA and ABA may thus play important roles in CPPU-induced parthenocarpy. PbTwo-component response regulator9 ( PbRR9 ), PbYUCCA4 , and PbNCED6 were then selected to further elucidate the mechanism of CPPU-induced parthenocarpy. A yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that PbRR9 can combine with the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoters. Dual luciferase assays revealed that PbRR9 can promote and repress the activities of the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoters, respectively. After the transient expression of PbRR9 in fruits, PbYUCCA4 expression was significantly upregulated, and PbNCED6 expression was significantly downregulated. This study uncovered a CPPU-induced parthenocarpy mechanism that is different from that in tomato. CPPU may upregulate PbYUCCA4 and downregulate PbNCED6 by upregulating PbRR9 , thereby increasing IAA content and decreasing ABA content to ultimately induce parthenocarpy in ‘Dangshansu’ pear. However, because only a single time point was used and because ‘botanical’ and ‘accessory’ fruits have different structures, this conclusion is still preliminary.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU supplemented with PAC gave the same pear fruit set rate as CPPU alone.
- Taxon
- pear
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communise1 - Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Treatment
- CPPU supplemented with PACe1
- Outcome
- fruit set ratee1
- Direction
- identicale1
- Comparator
- CPPU-alone treatment groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e1“the fruit set rate of pear treated with CPPU supplemented with PAC was identical to that in a CPPU-alone treatment group”
Claim · model-written summary
PAC had no influence on CPPU-induced cell development in pear fruit.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Treatment
- PAC applicatione2
- Outcome
- cell developmente2
- Direction
- no influencee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e2“PAC application had no influence on CPPU-induced cell development”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU mainly promoted hypanthium cell division and expansion in pear.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Organ / stage
- hypanthiume3
- Treatment
- CPPUe3
- Outcome
- hypanthium cell division and expansione3
- Direction
- promotede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e3“CPPU mainly promoted hypanthium cell division and expansion”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU did not change the differential expression of gibberellin 20 oxidase and gibberellin 3 oxidase genes.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Treatment
- CPPU treatmente4
- Gene
- gibberellin 20 oxidase and gibberellin 3 oxidase genese4
- Outcome
- differentially expressede4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e4“gibberellin 20 oxidase and gibberellin 3 oxidase genes were not differentially expressed following CPPU treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU treatments did not induce gibberellin biosynthesis in fruit.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Treatment
- CPPU treatmentse5
- Outcome
- gibberellin biosynthesise5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e5“the CPPU treatments did not induce gibberellin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU significantly increased the indole acetic acid (IAA) content in pear fruit.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Organ / stage
- fruite6
- Treatment
- CPPUe6
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA) contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e6“After CPPU treatment, the indole acetic acid (IAA) content in fruit was significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU significantly decreased the abscisic acid (ABA) content in pear fruit.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Organ / stage
- fruite6
- Treatment
- CPPUe6
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) contente7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e6“After CPPU treatment, the indole acetic acid (IAA) content in fruit was significantly increased”
e7“the abscisic acid (ABA) content was significantly decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU treatment significantly upregulated the indole-3-pyruvate monooxygenase (YUCCA) gene in pear fruit.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Treatment
- CPPU treatment groupse5
- Gene
- indole-3-pyruvate monooxygenase ( YUCCA )e6
- Outcome
- differentially expressede5
- Direction
- upregulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e5“many genes involved in the auxin and ABA pathways were significantly differentially expressed in the CPPU treatment groups”
e6“indole-3-pyruvate monooxygenase ( YUCCA ) was significantly upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU treatment significantly downregulated the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) gene in pear fruit.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Treatment
- CPPU treatment groupse5
- Gene
- 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase ( NCED )e7
- Outcome
- differentially expressede5
- Direction
- downregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e5“many genes involved in the auxin and ABA pathways were significantly differentially expressed in the CPPU treatment groups”
e7“9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase ( NCED ) was significantly downregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Many genes in the auxin and ABA pathways were significantly differentially expressed in CPPU-treated pear fruit.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Material
- ‘Dangshansu’e0
- Treatment
- CPPU treatment groupse5
- Gene
- genes involved in the auxin and ABA pathwayse5
- Outcome
- differentially expressede5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e5“many genes involved in the auxin and ABA pathways were significantly differentially expressed in the CPPU treatment groups”
Claim · model-written summary
PbRR9 can bind the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoters in a yeast one-hybrid assay.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Gene
- PbRR9e1
- Outcome
- combine with the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoterse1
- Qualifier
- yeast one-hybrid assaye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e1“A yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that PbRR9 can combine with the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoters”
Claim · model-written summary
PbRR9 promotes the activity of the PbYUCCA4 promoter in dual luciferase assays.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Gene
- PbRR9e2
- Outcome
- activities of the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoterse2
- Direction
- promotee2
- Qualifier
- Dual luciferase assayse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e2“Dual luciferase assays revealed that PbRR9 can promote and repress the activities of the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoters, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
PbRR9 represses the activity of the PbNCED6 promoter in dual luciferase assays.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Gene
- PbRR9e2
- Outcome
- activities of the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoterse2
- Direction
- represse2
- Qualifier
- Dual luciferase assayse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e2“Dual luciferase assays revealed that PbRR9 can promote and repress the activities of the PbYUCCA4 and PbNCED6 promoters, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient expression of PbRR9 in fruits significantly upregulated PbYUCCA4 expression.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse3
- Treatment
- transient expression of PbRR9e3
- Gene
- PbYUCCA4e3
- Outcome
- PbYUCCA4 expressione3
- Direction
- upregulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e3“After the transient expression of PbRR9 in fruits, PbYUCCA4 expression was significantly upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient expression of PbRR9 in fruits significantly downregulated PbNCED6 expression.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse3
- Treatment
- transient expression of PbRR9e3
- Gene
- PbNCED6e4
- Outcome
- PbNCED6 expressione4
- Direction
- downregulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e3“After the transient expression of PbRR9 in fruits, PbYUCCA4 expression was significantly upregulated”
e4“PbNCED6 expression was significantly downregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
CPPU may upregulate PbRR9, raising IAA content and lowering ABA content to induce parthenocarpy in pear.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Treatment
- CPPUe5
- Gene
- PbRR9e5
- Compound
- IAAe5
- Outcome
- induce parthenocarpye5
- Qualifier
- this conclusion is still preliminarye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was sprayed onto ‘Dangshansu’ pear”
e5“CPPU may upregulate PbYUCCA4 and downregulate PbNCED6 by upregulating PbRR9, thereby increasing IAA content and decreasing ABA content to ultimately induce parthenocarpy”
e6“this conclusion is still preliminary”
The same questions in other papers
forchlorfenuron · molecular: metabolites · Pyrus communis (pear)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
paclobutrazol · yield · Pyrus communis (pear)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
paclobutrazol · growth · Pyrus communis (pear)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
forchlorfenuron · yield · Pyrus communis (pear)Positive and negative results
4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.