Abstract
Intensive insight into the potential mechanisms of Se-induced Cd tolerance in cucumber seedlings is essential for further improvement of vegetable crop cultivation and breeding to obtain high yields and quality in Cd-contaminated soil. To reveal the ultrastructural and metabolic differences in Se-induced Cd tolerance, we examined the ultrastructures of chloroplasts and root cells and characterised 155 differentially expressed metabolites under Cd and/or Se stress using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics. Exogenous Se greatly relieved Cd-caused injuries to the ultrastructures of cucumber leaves and roots; for example, the shapes of chloroplasts treated with Cd + Se improved or even began to return to normal, the nuclei of root cells began to regenerate better and the chromatin was well-distributed compared with plants treated with Cd alone. Metabolite profiling revealed several intermediates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; also, some amino acids were up-accumulated in Cd + Se-treated cucumber seedlings and down-accumulated in Cd-treated cucumber seedlings, such as pyruvic acid, galactose, lactose, glutaric acid and alanine in leaves, glucose-6-phosphate and serine in roots, and lactic acid and glycine in both leaves and roots. These metabolites may play dominant roles in developing Se-mediated Cd tolerance. Moreover, a high level of sugars and polyols, amino acids and organic acids were up-accumulated in Cd-treated plants. Meanwhile, our data suggest that high accumulation of fructose, α-ketoglutaric acid, shikimic acid, fumaric acid and succinic acid in roots is a Cd-specific response, indicating that these metabolites are vital for cucumbers to develop Cd resistance. This study extends the current understanding of the mechanisms of Se in abating Cd contamination in cucumber and demonstrates that metabolomics profiling provides a more comprehensive view of the response of plants to heavy metals.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Se relieved Cd-induced injury to the ultrastructures of cucumber leaves and roots compared with Cd alone.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- Exogenous See0
- Outcome
- ultrastructures of cucumber leaves and rootse0
- Direction
- relievede0
- Comparator
- Cd alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Se greatly relieved Cd-caused injuries to the ultrastructures of cucumber leaves and roots”
e1“compared with plants treated with Cd alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd + Se up-accumulated pyruvic acid, galactose and lactose in cucumber leaves compared with Cd-treated seedlings.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- Cd + See2
- Outcome
- pyruvic acid, galactose, lactosee2
- Direction
- up-accumulatede2
- Comparator
- Cd-treatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Selenium modulates cadmium-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes in cucumber seedlings”
e2“some amino acids were up-accumulated in Cd + Se-treated cucumber seedlings and down-accumulated in Cd-treated cucumber seedlings, such as pyruvic acid, galactose, lactose, glutaric acid and alanine in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd + Se up-accumulated glutaric acid and alanine in cucumber leaves compared with Cd-treated seedlings.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- Cd + See2
- Outcome
- glutaric acid and alaninee2
- Direction
- up-accumulatede2
- Comparator
- Cd-treatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Selenium modulates cadmium-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes in cucumber seedlings”
e2“some amino acids were up-accumulated in Cd + Se-treated cucumber seedlings and down-accumulated in Cd-treated cucumber seedlings, such as pyruvic acid, galactose, lactose, glutaric acid and alanine in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd + Se up-accumulated glucose-6-phosphate and serine in cucumber roots compared with Cd-treated seedlings.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Cd + See2
- Outcome
- glucose-6-phosphate and serinee3
- Direction
- up-accumulatede2
- Comparator
- Cd-treatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Selenium modulates cadmium-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes in cucumber seedlings”
e2“some amino acids were up-accumulated in Cd + Se-treated cucumber seedlings and down-accumulated in Cd-treated cucumber seedlings, such as pyruvic acid, galactose, lactose, glutaric acid and alanine in leaves”
e3“glucose-6-phosphate and serine in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
High accumulation of fructose, α-ketoglutaric acid and shikimic acid in cucumber roots is a Cd-specific response.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Treatment
- Cde4
- Outcome
- fructose, α-ketoglutaric acid, shikimic acide4
- Direction
- high accumulatione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Selenium modulates cadmium-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes in cucumber seedlings”
e4“high accumulation of fructose, α-ketoglutaric acid, shikimic acid, fumaric acid and succinic acid in roots is a Cd-specific response”
Claim · model-written summary
High accumulation of fumaric acid and succinic acid in cucumber roots is a Cd-specific response.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Treatment
- Cde4
- Outcome
- fumaric acid and succinic acide4
- Direction
- high accumulatione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Selenium modulates cadmium-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes in cucumber seedlings”
e4“high accumulation of fructose, α-ketoglutaric acid, shikimic acid, fumaric acid and succinic acid in roots is a Cd-specific response”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-treated cucumber plants up-accumulated sugars and polyols, amino acids and organic acids.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Cde5
- Outcome
- sugars and polyols, amino acids and organic acidse5
- Direction
- up-accumulatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Selenium modulates cadmium-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes in cucumber seedlings”
e5“a high level of sugars and polyols, amino acids and organic acids were up-accumulated in Cd-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
These metabolites may play dominant roles in developing Se-mediated Cd tolerance in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- Se-mediated Cd tolerancee6
- Qualifier
- These metabolites may play dominant rolese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Selenium modulates cadmium-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes in cucumber seedlings”
e6“These metabolites may play dominant roles in developing Se-mediated Cd tolerance”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · molecular: metabolites · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →selenium atom · molecular: metabolites · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.