Abstract
Replant disease is a serious problem for the development of sustainabl e cropping systems of strawberry, Fragaria ananassa. Previous studies have shown that auto-toxicoids secreted from roots play an important role in replant disease of some crops, and autotoxicity of root exudates is a very important asp ect of understanding replant disease mechanisms. In this paper, root exudates we re extracted and their autotoxicity was studied by using tissue culture methods in order to avoid interferences from external factors. Root tissue culture mediums (MS+BA 0.2 mg·L -1 ), in which one generation o f seedlings had been cultivated, were collected in a bio-clean cabinet and mixed with a new culture medium. Five treatments were set up in which the volume proportion of t he new culture medium to the used culture medium were 10∶30, 15∶25, 20∶20 , 25∶15 and 30∶10. Tissue culture seedlings of the same age and with the same app eara nce were chosen and inoculated in the five culture medium treatments. Our result s showed that on the 40th day after inoculation, development and growth of roots were inhibited in mixed tissue culture mediums, and the inhibitory effects were greater as the proportion of the used culture medium increased. As a result, in crements of plant height and leaves, number of roots, length of roots, and weigh t of plants were reduced in mixed culture mediums as compared to the pure new cu lture medium treatment. The vermiculite in which strawberry tissue culture seedlings had been cultivated for 60 days was collected and placed into 500 ml erlenmeyer flasks. The same qu a ntity of distilled water was added to each flask and then shaken on a shaker for 48 hours. After centrifuging (2 670×g) for 20 minutes, the supernatant was coll ected and evaporated on a rotary vaporizer at 42 ℃ to 1/10 volume, and then fil t ered through qualitative filter paper. The extract was diluted in a series of de nsity solutions of 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% and 10% (V%). Strawberry seedlings wer e tr eated once every 5 days with 10 ml of the different solutions and the growth of s eedlings measured after 40 days. Control seedlings were treated with distilled w ater. Results showed that root exudates of strawberry could inhibit the growth o f strawberry, and the inhibitory effect became stronger with increasing concentr ations of root exudates. Physiological disease occurred in treatments treated by root exudates, and the disease index was greater as the concentration of root e xudates increased. At the same time, strawberry root activity was also restraine d by root exudates. Physiological analysis showed that activities of 2,3,5-Triph eyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) reduced and superoxide-dismutase (SOD) decrease d, and root relative conductivity and malondialdelyole (MDA) contents increased. The greater the concentration of root exudates, the more significant the effect on all of these physiological factors. Our results showed that when root exudates accumulated in their growing medium, the growth and metabolism of strawberry roots were inhibited, which resulted in an increase in the percentage of electrolytes in cells, a decrease in the free r adical scavenging activity of roots, and an increase in root lipid peroxidation. Hence, the growth and development of strawberry seedlings showed reduced vigor, which could lead to declines in root resistance to soil-borne disease, and repl ant disease of strawberry could become increasingly serious.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Root development and growth of strawberry were inhibited in mixed tissue culture media, more so as the proportion of used medium increased.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- mixed tissue culture mediumse1
- Outcome
- development and growth of rootse1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- greater as the proportion of the used culture medium increasede1
- Comparator
- pure new cu lture medium treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e1“development and growth of roots were inhibited in mixed tissue culture mediums, and the inhibitory effects were greater as the proportion of the used culture medium increased”
e2“in crements of plant height and leaves, number of roots, length of roots, and weigh t of plants were reduced in mixed culture mediums as compared to the pure new cu lture medium treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height and leaves, number of roots and root length of strawberry were reduced in mixed culture media compared with pure new medium.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- mixed culture mediumse2
- Outcome
- plant height and leaves, number of roots, length of rootse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- pure new cu lture medium treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e2“in crements of plant height and leaves, number of roots, length of roots, and weigh t of plants were reduced in mixed culture mediums as compared to the pure new cu lture medium treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant weight of strawberry was reduced in mixed culture media compared with pure new medium.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- mixed culture mediumse2
- Outcome
- weigh t of plantse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- pure new cu lture medium treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e2“in crements of plant height and leaves, number of roots, length of roots, and weigh t of plants were reduced in mixed culture mediums as compared to the pure new cu lture medium treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudate treatment greater disease index of strawberry seedlings as concentration increased.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese4
- Outcome
- disease indexe4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Qualifier
- as the concentration of root e xudates increasede4
- Comparator
- distilled w atere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e3“Control seedlings were treated with distilled w ater”
e4“Physiological disease occurred in treatments treated by root exudates, and the disease index was greater as the concentration of root e xudates increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates could inhibit the growth of strawberry, more strongly at higher concentrations.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese5
- Outcome
- growth o f strawberrye5
- Direction
- inhibite5
- Qualifier
- became stronger with increasing concentr ationse5
- Comparator
- distilled w atere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e3“Control seedlings were treated with distilled w ater”
e5“root exudates of strawberry could inhibit the growth o f strawberry, and the inhibitory effect became stronger with increasing concentr ations of root exudates”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates restrained strawberry root activity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese7
- Outcome
- root activitye7
- Direction
- restraine de7
- Comparator
- distilled w atere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e3“Control seedlings were treated with distilled w ater”
e7“strawberry root activity was also restraine d by root exudates”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates reduced TTC-reduction activities in strawberry seedlings.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese7
- Outcome
- activities of 2,3,5-Triph eyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC)e6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Comparator
- distilled w atere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e3“Control seedlings were treated with distilled w ater”
e6“activities of 2,3,5-Triph eyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) reduced and superoxide-dismutase (SOD) decrease d, and root relative conductivity and malondialdelyole (MDA) contents increased”
e7“The greater the concentration of root exudates, the more significant the effect on all of these physiological factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in strawberry roots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese7
- Outcome
- superoxide-dismutase (SOD)e6
- Direction
- decrease de6
- Comparator
- distilled w atere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e3“Control seedlings were treated with distilled w ater”
e6“activities of 2,3,5-Triph eyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) reduced and superoxide-dismutase (SOD) decrease d, and root relative conductivity and malondialdelyole (MDA) contents increased”
e7“The greater the concentration of root exudates, the more significant the effect on all of these physiological factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates increased root relative conductivity in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese7
- Outcome
- root relative conductivitye6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- distilled w atere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e3“Control seedlings were treated with distilled w ater”
e6“activities of 2,3,5-Triph eyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) reduced and superoxide-dismutase (SOD) decrease d, and root relative conductivity and malondialdelyole (MDA) contents increased”
e7“The greater the concentration of root exudates, the more significant the effect on all of these physiological factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates increased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in strawberry roots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese7
- Outcome
- malondialdelyole (MDA) contentse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- distilled w atere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e3“Control seedlings were treated with distilled w ater”
e6“activities of 2,3,5-Triph eyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) reduced and superoxide-dismutase (SOD) decrease d, and root relative conductivity and malondialdelyole (MDA) contents increased”
e7“The greater the concentration of root exudates, the more significant the effect on all of these physiological factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates accumulating in the growing medium increased the percentage of electrolytes in strawberry cells.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese7
- Outcome
- percentage of electrolytes in cellse7
- Direction
- increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e7“Our results showed that when root exudates accumulated in their growing medium, the growth and metabolism of strawberry roots were inhibited, which resulted in an increase in the percentage of electrolytes in cells, a decrease in the free r adical scavenging activity of roots, and an increase in root lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates accumulating in the growing medium decreased the free radical scavenging activity of strawberry roots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese7
- Outcome
- free r adical scavenging activity of rootse7
- Direction
- decreasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e7“Our results showed that when root exudates accumulated in their growing medium, the growth and metabolism of strawberry roots were inhibited, which resulted in an increase in the percentage of electrolytes in cells, a decrease in the free r adical scavenging activity of roots, and an increase in root lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates accumulating in the growing medium increased root lipid peroxidation in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- root exudatese7
- Outcome
- root lipid peroxidatione7
- Direction
- increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e7“Our results showed that when root exudates accumulated in their growing medium, the growth and metabolism of strawberry roots were inhibited, which resulted in an increase in the percentage of electrolytes in cells, a decrease in the free r adical scavenging activity of roots, and an increase in root lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest reduced seedling vigor could lower root resistance to soil-borne disease in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- root resistance to soil-borne diseasee7
- Qualifier
- reduced vigore7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SIMULATION OF AUTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY ROOT EXUDATES UNDER CONTINUOUS CROPPING”
e7“the growth and development of strawberry seedlings showed reduced vigor, which could lead to declines in root resistance to soil-borne disease”
The same questions in other papers
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allelopathy · growth · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.