Abstract
The regulation of endogenous hormones in seed germination and dormancy has been discussed widely in Arabidopsis and crops species, but wild species are rarely examined. In this study, seeds of Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore, a common species in the alpine meadows, were used to test the relationships between endogenous hormone levels and seed germination. The contents of abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), trans-zeatin (ZT) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in dry, imbibed, and germinated seeds that incubated in either light (12 h/12 h light/dark) or dark (24 h dark) periods were detected by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. When seeds cultivated in the light were compared to those in the dark, A. rivularis seeds germinated more efficiently and had significantly higher values of ZT content and ZT/ABA ratio in light. Meanwhile, the values of ZT/GA, ZT/IAA, and GA/ABA showed increasing trends while ABA content decreased. The effects of light on hormone contents were great in the early stages of seed imbibition and were significantly weakened during late imbibition. The half imbibition time point (the ninth day) revealed to be a turning point of variation within endogenous hormone contents of A. rivularis, especially with ABA content. The half imbibition time point also resulted in the lowest value ZT/ABA, GA/ABA and IAA/ABA. After that point, ZT remained high, IAA levels remained low, and GA and ABA decreased from their respective peaks. As the imbibition process moved forward, IAA content decreased and the common trend of GA and ABA increasing then decreasing was also observed. Transitioning to later imbibition time points of seed gemination (the 17th d), whether light was considered or not, the values of GA, IAA, and ABA contents remained at a lower hormone level, except for ZT. At the same time, ZT/ABA, GA/IAA and ZT/IAA showed the highest values during germination. When assessing pair-wise hormone correlations, the imbibition time strengthened the GA-IAA positive correlation but weakened the GA-ABA positive correlation found when imbibition time was not controlled. Furthermore, by controlling for the light conditions, the ZT-IAA and ZT-ABA correlations were strengthened. These results suggest that both light condition and seed imbibition time play roles during seed germination of A. rivularis by regulating hormone levels and their interactions to some extent.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds germinated more efficiently in light than dark.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore
[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0 - Outcome
- seeds germinatede0
- Direction
- more efficientlye0
- Comparator
- those in the darke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
![[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minore](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Anemone_rivularis%2C_RBGE_2010%2C_2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“When seeds cultivated in the light were compared to those in the dark, A. rivularis seeds germinated more efficiently”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT content was significantly higher in light.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- ZT contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had significantly higher values of ZT content and ZT/ABA ratio in light”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT/ABA ratio was significantly higher in light.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- ZT/ABA ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had significantly higher values of ZT content and ZT/ABA ratio in light”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT/GA, ZT/IAA and GA/ABA ratios trended upward.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Outcome
- ZT/GA, ZT/IAA, and GA/ABAe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the values of ZT/GA, ZT/IAA, and GA/ABA showed increasing trends”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA content decreased.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA content decreased”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
Light affected hormone content most in early imbibition and less in late imbibition.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Organ / stage
- seed imbibitione0
- Outcome
- effects of light on hormone contentse0
- Direction
- weakenede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of light on hormone contents were great in the early stages of seed imbibition and were significantly weakened during late imbibition.”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
Day nine marked a turning point in hormone contents, especially ABA.
- Taxon
- A. rivularisEriocapitella rivularise0
- Organ / stage
- half imbibition time pointe0
- Outcome
- turning point of variation within endogenous hormone contentse0
- Value
- the ninth daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The half imbibition time point (the ninth day) revealed to be a turning point of variation within endogenous hormone contents of A. rivularis, especially with ABA content.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT/ABA, GA/ABA and IAA/ABA reached their lowest values at half imbibition.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Organ / stage
- half imbibition time pointe0
- Outcome
- ZT/ABA, GA/ABA and IAA/ABAe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The half imbibition time point also resulted in the lowest value ZT/ABA, GA/ABA and IAA/ABA.”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
After half imbibition, ZT stayed high while IAA stayed low.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Outcome
- ZT remained high, IAA levels remained lowe0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After that point, ZT remained high, IAA levels remained low”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
GA and ABA declined from their peaks after half imbibition.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Outcome
- GA and ABAe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA and ABA decreased from their respective peaks”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA content declined as imbibition advanced.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Outcome
- IAA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the imbibition process moved forward, IAA content decreased”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
GA and ABA rose and then fell during imbibition.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Outcome
- GA and ABAe0
- Direction
- increasing then decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the common trend of GA and ABA increasing then decreasing was also observed”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
At day 17, GA, IAA and ABA were low irrespective of light.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Organ / stage
- 17th de0
- Outcome
- GA, IAA, and ABA contentse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 17th d), whether light was considered or not, the values of GA, IAA, and ABA contents remained at a lower hormone level”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT was an exception to the low hormone levels at day 17.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Outcome
- ZTe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the values of GA, IAA, and ABA contents remained at a lower hormone level, except for ZT”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT/ABA, GA/IAA and ZT/IAA reached their highest values during germination.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Organ / stage
- germinatione0
- Outcome
- ZT/ABA, GA/IAA and ZT/IAAe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZT/ABA, GA/IAA and ZT/IAA showed the highest values during germination”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlling for imbibition time strengthened the positive GA-IAA correlation.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Organ / stage
- imbibition timee0
- Outcome
- GA-IAA positive correlatione0
- Direction
- strengthenede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the imbibition time strengthened the GA-IAA positive correlation”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlling for imbibition time weakened the positive GA-ABA correlation.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Organ / stage
- imbibition timee0
- Outcome
- GA-ABA positive correlatione0
- Direction
- weakenede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weakened the GA-ABA positive correlation found when imbibition time was not controlled”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlling for light strengthened ZT-IAA and ZT-ABA correlations.
- Taxon
- Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore[Anemone] rivularis var. flore-minoret0
- Treatment
- light conditionse0
- Outcome
- ZT-IAA and ZT-ABA correlationse0
- Direction
- strengthenede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by controlling for the light conditions, the ZT-IAA and ZT-ABA correlations were strengthened”
t0“Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that light and imbibition time influence germination by regulating hormone interactions.
- Taxon
- A. rivularisEriocapitella rivularise0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Qualifier
- regulating hormone levels and their interactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both light condition and seed imbibition time play roles during seed germination of A. rivularis by regulating hormone levels and their interactions to some extent”