Abstract
Abstract Improving N fertilization in croplands could minimize soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and mitigate climate change. This study investigated the effects of spring vs. fall N applications of conventional vs. enhanced‐efficiency N fertilizers (EENFs) on N 2 O emissions and N use efficiency in spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) over 2.5 yr in Alberta, Canada. Fertilizers were anhydrous ammonia and urea and the EENF formulations included urease and nitrification inhibitors and a polymer coating. We measured a fertilizer N 2 O emission factor of 0.31 ± 0.04%. Irrespective of N fertilizer and timing options peak N 2 O emissions were evident following soil thawing and major rainfalls. Because most of the annual N 2 O emissions were associated with soil thawing, spring‐applied N emitted half the N 2 O of the fall‐applied N during the second study year ( P < .001). Conversely, the opposite was observed for the first study year when overall N 2 O emissions were 36% larger for spring‐ than fall‐applied N ( P = .031) as major rainfalls occurred shortly after the spring N fertilization. Nevertheless, within this first study year, EENFs significantly reduced N 2 O emissions (by 26% on average; P = .019), with a tendency for 11% higher grain yield across springtime EENFs than for conventional fertilizers. Concomitantly, spring‐applied N doubled the fertilizer N recovery efficiency in the same year ( P = .023). The soil at the study site inherently had high N availability (NH 4 and NO 3 ) and this probably moderated the beneficial effects of EENFs on N 2 O emissions and grain yields. Results suggest that spring EENFs can mitigate the risk for N 2 O emissions while sustaining high yields even under scenarios with high availability of native soil N.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The fertilizer N2O emission factor measured in spring wheat was 0.31 ± 0.04%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- fertilizer N 2 O emission factore1
- Value
- 0.31 ± 0.04%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“We measured a fertilizer N 2 O emission factor of 0.31 ± 0.04%”
Claim · model-written summary
Peak N2O emissions occurred after soil thawing and major rainfalls irrespective of N fertilizer and timing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- peak N 2 O emissionse1
- Qualifier
- following soil thawing and major rainfallse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“peak N 2 O emissions were evident following soil thawing and major rainfalls”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second study year, spring-applied N emitted half the N2O of fall-applied N (P < .001).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spring‐applied Ne1
- Outcome
- N 2 Oe1
- Direction
- halfe1
- Qualifier
- second study yeare1
- Comparator
- fall‐applied Ne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“spring‐applied N emitted half the N 2 O of the fall‐applied N during the second study year ( P < .001)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first study year, overall N2O emissions were 36% larger for spring-applied than fall-applied N (P = .031).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- springe1
- Outcome
- overall N 2 O emissionse1
- Direction
- largere1
- Value
- 36%e1
- Qualifier
- first study yeare1
- Comparator
- fall‐applied Ne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“the first study year when overall N 2 O emissions were 36% larger for spring‐ than fall‐applied N ( P = .031)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first study year, enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers significantly reduced N2O emissions by 26% on average relative to conventional fertilizers (P = .019).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- EENFse1
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 26%e1
- Qualifier
- first study yeare1
- Comparator
- conventionale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“within this first study year, EENFs significantly reduced N 2 O emissions (by 26% on average; P = .019)”
e2“conventional vs. enhanced‐efficiency N fertilizers (EENFs)”
Claim · model-written summary
Across springtime EENFs there was a tendency for 11% higher grain yield than with conventional fertilizers in the first study year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- springtime EENFse1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 11%e1
- Qualifier
- tendencye1
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“with a tendency for 11% higher grain yield across springtime EENFs than for conventional fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring-applied N doubled the fertilizer N recovery efficiency in the first study year (P = .023).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spring‐applied Ne1
- Outcome
- fertilizer N recovery efficiencye1
- Direction
- doublede1
- Qualifier
- same yeare1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“spring‐applied N doubled the fertilizer N recovery efficiency in the same year ( P = .023)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that the high native soil N availability (NH4 and NO3) probably moderated the beneficial effects of EENFs on N2O emissions and grain yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- EENFse1
- Compound
- NH 4 and NO 3e1
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissions and grain yieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“high N availability (NH 4 and NO 3 ) and this probably moderated the beneficial effects of EENFs on N 2 O emissions and grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that spring EENFs can mitigate the risk of N2O emissions while sustaining high yields even where native soil N availability is high.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spring EENFse1
- Outcome
- mitigate the risk for N 2 O emissions while sustaining high yieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“spring EENFs can mitigate the risk for N 2 O emissions while sustaining high yields”
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See all 3,438 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.