Abstract
The date palm is a commercially important woody crop and is a good target plant for improving agricultural yields in extreme environments. However, salinity has been the primary abiotic stress complicating its cultivation and damaging its production worldwide. This study investigated the effect of alleviating salt stress on date palm growth and development by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and/or compost. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with eight treatments. The treatments comprised control without inoculation or amendment and application of compost (made from green waste) and AMF (an autochthonous consortium) individually or in combination under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions. Growth, physiological characteristics, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content. However, it reduced growth parameters, AMF colonization, leaf water potential, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chlorophyll content. The application of AMF and compost separately or in combination mitigated the deleterious effects induced by salinity. AMF inoculation contributed to plant salt tolerance through strategies such as increased nutrient uptake (particularly P and Ca2+), chlorophyll content, relative water content, stomatal conductance, antioxidant enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase) and by decreasing lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content. Plants grown in soil amended with compost under salt stress showed an improvement particularly in K+ and proline content and a decrease in H2O2 concentration compared to controls under the saline condition. In the presence of NaCl stress, the dual application of the compost and AMF consortium maximized plant growth, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, all antioxidant enzyme activities and P, K+, N, and Ca2+ uptake as well as proline and soluble sugar content. However, it reduced Na+ and Cl- uptake and oxidative stress marker content. In conclusion, our study suggests that the application of AMF with compost has the potential to improve the tolerance of date palm seedlings to salt stress more than AMF or compost applied separately.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased sodium and chlorine content in date palm compared with non-saline conditions.
- Taxon
- date palm
Phoenix dactyliferae0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content”
e2“under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased lipid peroxidation, proline and soluble sugar in date palm compared with non-saline conditions.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugare1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content”
e2“under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased H2O2 content in date palm compared with non-saline conditions.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- H2O2 contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content”
e2“under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced growth parameters of date palm.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- growth parameterse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content”
e2“under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions”
e3“However, it reduced growth parameters, AMF colonization, leaf water potential, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced leaf water potential of date palm.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- leaf water potentiale3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content”
e2“under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions”
e3“However, it reduced growth parameters, AMF colonization, leaf water potential, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced AMF colonization of date palm roots under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonizatione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content”
e2“under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions”
e3“However, it reduced growth parameters, AMF colonization, leaf water potential, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in date palm.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+)e3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content”
e2“under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions”
e3“However, it reduced growth parameters, AMF colonization, leaf water potential, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced calcium and chlorophyll content of date palm.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca2+), and chlorophyll contente3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Salt stress increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) content, lipid peroxidation and proline, soluble sugar, and H2O2 content”
e2“under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) or saline (240 mM NaCl) conditions”
e3“However, it reduced growth parameters, AMF colonization, leaf water potential, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation contributed to date palm salt tolerance, through increased nutrient uptake and other strategies.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant salt tolerancee1
- Qualifier
- increased nutrient uptake (particularly P and Ca2+)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“AMF inoculation contributed to plant salt tolerance through strategies such as increased nutrient uptake (particularly P and Ca2+), chlorophyll content, relative water content, stomatal conductance, antioxidant enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase) and by decreasing lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-amended date palm under salt stress showed an improvement in K+ and proline content compared with saline controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- soil amended with compost under salt stresse1
- Outcome
- K+ and proline contente1
- Direction
- improvemente1
- Comparator
- controls under the saline conditione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Plants grown in soil amended with compost under salt stress showed an improvement particularly in K+ and proline content and a decrease in H2O2 concentration compared to controls under the saline condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-amended date palm under salt stress showed a decrease in H2O2 concentration compared with saline controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- soil amended with compost under salt stresse1
- Outcome
- H2O2 concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- controls under the saline conditione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“Plants grown in soil amended with compost under salt stress showed an improvement particularly in K+ and proline content and a decrease in H2O2 concentration compared to controls under the saline condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual application of compost and AMF maximized plant growth, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- dual application of the compost and AMF consortiume1
- Outcome
- plant growth, stomatal conductance, leaf water potentiale1
- Direction
- maximizede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“In the presence of NaCl stress, the dual application of the compost and AMF consortium maximized plant growth, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, all antioxidant enzyme activities and P, K+, N, and Ca2+ uptake as well as proline and soluble sugar content”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual application of compost and AMF maximized all antioxidant enzyme activities under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- dual application of the compost and AMF consortiume1
- Outcome
- all antioxidant enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- maximizede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“In the presence of NaCl stress, the dual application of the compost and AMF consortium maximized plant growth, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, all antioxidant enzyme activities and P, K+, N, and Ca2+ uptake as well as proline and soluble sugar content”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual application of compost and AMF maximized P, K+ and N uptake under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- dual application of the compost and AMF consortiume1
- Outcome
- P, K+, Ne1
- Direction
- maximizede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“In the presence of NaCl stress, the dual application of the compost and AMF consortium maximized plant growth, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, all antioxidant enzyme activities and P, K+, N, and Ca2+ uptake as well as proline and soluble sugar content”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual application of compost and AMF maximized Ca2+ uptake, proline and soluble sugar content under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- dual application of the compost and AMF consortiume1
- Outcome
- Ca2+ uptake as well as proline and soluble sugar contente1
- Direction
- maximizede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“In the presence of NaCl stress, the dual application of the compost and AMF consortium maximized plant growth, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, all antioxidant enzyme activities and P, K+, N, and Ca2+ uptake as well as proline and soluble sugar content”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual application of compost and AMF reduced Na+ and Cl- uptake and oxidative stress marker content under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- dual application of the compost and AMF consortiume2
- Outcome
- Na+ and Cl- uptake and oxidative stress marker contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“However, it reduced Na+ and Cl- uptake and oxidative stress marker content”
e2“In the presence of NaCl stress, the dual application of the compost and AMF consortium maximized plant growth, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, all antioxidant enzyme activities and P, K+, N, and Ca2+ uptake as well as proline and soluble sugar content”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of AMF with compost is suggested to improve date palm salt tolerance more than AMF or compost applied separately.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- the application of AMF with composte1
- Outcome
- tolerance of date palm seedlings to salt stresse1
- Direction
- improvee1
- Comparator
- AMF or compost applied separatelye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The date palm is a commercially important woody crop”
e1“In conclusion, our study suggests that the application of AMF with compost has the potential to improve the tolerance of date palm seedlings to salt stress more than AMF or compost applied separately”
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8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.