Abstract
High temperature and high relative humidity (RH) are one of the most serious agricultural meteorological disasters that limit the production capacity of agricultural facilities. However, little information is available on the precise interaction between these factors on tomato growth. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of high temperature under different RH levels on tomato growth and endogenous hormones and to determine the optimal RH for tomato seedling growth under high temperature environment. Two high temperature (38/18 °C, 41/18 °C) and three relative humidity (50 ± 5%, 70 ± 5%, 90 ± 5%) orthogonal experiments were conducted, with 28/18 °C, 50 ± 5% (CK) as control. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation of tomato plants under high temperature environment was significantly lower than that of CK. At 38 °C, the dry matter accumulation with 70% relative humidity was not significantly different from that of CK; at 41 °C, dry matter accumulation with 70% and 90% relative air humidity was significantly greater than that of 50%. The concentrations of soluble sugar and free amino acids in all organs in high temperature-treated plants were significantly higher than that in CK. As relative humidity increased, soluble sugar concentrations of each organ decreased, and the free amino acid concentrations increased. Cytokinin (ZT) and indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrations in tomato buds were significantly lower than in CK under high temperature conditions. The lower the RH, the lower the content of ZT and IAA. The gibberellin (GA 3 ) and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were higher than in CK under high temperatures. GA 3 concentrations decreased and ABA concentrations were augmented with increased humidity. The differences of tomato seedling growth indices and apical bud endogenous hormone concentrations between RHs under high temperature conditions were significant. Raising RH to 70% or higher under high temperature conditions could be beneficial to the growth of tomato plants. The results contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between microclimate parameters inside a Venlo-type glass greenhouse environment, in a specific climate condition, and their effects on the growth of tomato.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature reduced tomato dry matter accumulation relative to the control.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- high temperature environmente0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the dry matter accumulation of tomato plants under high temperature environment was significantly lower than that of CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 38 °C and 70% relative humidity, dry matter accumulation did not differ significantly from the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 38 °Ce0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Qualifier
- 70% relative humiditye0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 38 °C, the dry matter accumulation with 70% relative humidity was not significantly different from that of CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 41 °C, 70% and 90% relative humidity produced greater dry matter accumulation than 50% humidity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 70% and 90% relative air humiditye0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- 41 °Ce0
- Comparator
- 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 41 °C, dry matter accumulation with 70% and 90% relative air humidity was significantly greater than that of 50%.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased soluble sugar concentrations in all organs relative to the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- all organse0
- Treatment
- high temperature-treatede0
- Outcome
- concentrations of soluble sugare0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of soluble sugar and free amino acids in all organs in high temperature-treated plants were significantly higher than that in CK.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased free amino acid concentrations in all organs relative to the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- all organse0
- Treatment
- high temperature-treatede0
- Outcome
- free amino acidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of soluble sugar and free amino acids in all organs in high temperature-treated plants were significantly higher than that in CK.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar concentrations in each organ decreased as humidity increased.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- each organe0
- Treatment
- relative humiditye0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As relative humidity increased, soluble sugar concentrations of each organ decreased”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Free amino acid concentrations increased as humidity increased.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- relative humiditye0
- Outcome
- free amino acid concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As relative humidity increased, soluble sugar concentrations of each organ decreased, and the free amino acid concentrations increased.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature lowered cytokinin concentration in tomato buds relative to the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- budse0
- Treatment
- high temperature conditionse0
- Outcome
- Cytokinin (ZT)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cytokinin (ZT) and indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrations in tomato buds were significantly lower than in CK under high temperature conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature lowered indole acetic acid concentration in tomato buds relative to the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- budse0
- Treatment
- high temperature conditionse0
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cytokinin (ZT) and indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrations in tomato buds were significantly lower than in CK under high temperature conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower humidity corresponded to lower ZT and IAA content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- RHe0
- Outcome
- content of ZT and IAAe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lower the RH, the lower the content of ZT and IAA.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased gibberellin concentration relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese0
- Outcome
- gibberellin (GA 3 )e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gibberellin (GA 3 ) and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were higher than in CK under high temperatures.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased abscisic acid concentration relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gibberellin (GA 3 ) and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were higher than in CK under high temperatures.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellin concentrations decreased with increased humidity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increased humiditye0
- Outcome
- GA 3 concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA 3 concentrations decreased and ABA concentrations were augmented with increased humidity.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid concentrations increased with increased humidity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increased humiditye0
- Outcome
- ABA concentrationse0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA 3 concentrations decreased and ABA concentrations were augmented with increased humidity.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato seedling growth indices differed significantly among humidity levels under high temperature.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- seedling growth indicese0
- Qualifier
- between RHs under high temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differences of tomato seedling growth indices and apical bud endogenous hormone concentrations between RHs under high temperature conditions were significant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apical bud hormone concentrations differed significantly among humidity levels under high temperature.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- apical bud endogenous hormone concentrationse0
- Qualifier
- between RHs under high temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differences of tomato seedling growth indices and apical bud endogenous hormone concentrations between RHs under high temperature conditions were significant.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that at least 70% humidity could benefit tomato growth under high temperature.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Raising RH to 70% or highere0
- Qualifier
- under high temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Raising RH to 70% or higher under high temperature conditions could be beneficial to the growth of tomato plants.”
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