Abstract
Soybean is an important natural source of isoflavones, but their concentration is likely to be influenced by external factors, such as climatic conditions and soil tillage systems. However, there is minimal information about the effects of such external factors on the isoflavone concentration in soybeans grown in Europe. Therefore, in this study, field experiments were established in Romania to investigate the potential impacts of three different soil tillage systems—conventional, minimum tillage and no-tillage—on crop yields and the isoflavone concentration of soybeans for three experimental years, 2014–2016. Our experimental results indicated that the soil tillage systems had little impact on the soybean yields each year. However, the 2016 yield was found to be higher than the 2014 and 2015 yields under all three soil systems. For every experimental year, the higher yield was recorded by the conventional system, followed by the minimum tillage system and no-tillage system under first weed control (weed control two (wct2): S-metolaclor 960 g/L, imazamox 40 g/L and propaquizafop 100 g/L). Likewise, the soil tillage system did not have a significant influence on the total isoflavone concentrations. Nevertheless, we noticed some variations in the individual isoflavone concentration (daidzin, genistin, glycitin, daidzein, genistein) in each year. Altogether, the minimum tillage and no-tillage systems may be employed as a suitable soil tillage system in soybean farming without an impact on the total isoflavone.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Soil tillage systems had little impact on soybean yields in each experimental year.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- soil tillage systemse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- little impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our experimental results indicated that the soil tillage systems had little impact on the soybean yields each year.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield in 2016 was higher than in 2014 and 2015 under all three tillage systems.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under all three soil systemse0
- Comparator
- 2014 and 2015 yieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2016 yield was found to be higher than the 2014 and 2015 yields under all three soil systems.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage had the highest soybean yield in every year under the first weed control treatment.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- conventional systeme0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- For every experimental yeare0
- Comparator
- minimum tillage system and no-tillage systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For every experimental year, the higher yield was recorded by the conventional system, followed by the minimum tillage system and no-tillage system under first weed control (weed control two (wct2): S-metolaclor 960 g/L, imazamox 40 g/L and propaquizafop 100 g/L).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage soybean yield exceeded no-tillage yield in every year under the first weed control treatment.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- minimum tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- For every experimental yeare0
- Comparator
- no-tillage systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For every experimental year, the higher yield was recorded by the conventional system, followed by the minimum tillage system and no-tillage system under first weed control (weed control two (wct2): S-metolaclor 960 g/L, imazamox 40 g/L and propaquizafop 100 g/L).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil tillage system did not significantly affect total soybean isoflavone concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- soil tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- total isoflavone concentrationse0
- Direction
- did not have a significant influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil tillage system did not have a significant influence on the total isoflavone concentrations.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual soybean isoflavone concentrations varied in each year.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- individual isoflavone concentratione0
- Direction
- some variationse0
- Qualifier
- in each yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we noticed some variations in the individual isoflavone concentration (daidzin, genistin, glycitin, daidzein, genistein) in each year.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider minimum tillage suitable for soybean farming without affecting total isoflavones.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- minimum tillagee0
- Qualifier
- without an impact on the total isoflavonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the minimum tillage and no-tillage systems may be employed as a suitable soil tillage system in soybean farming without an impact on the total isoflavone.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider no-tillage suitable for soybean farming without affecting total isoflavones.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- no-tillage systemse0
- Qualifier
- without an impact on the total isoflavonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the minimum tillage and no-tillage systems may be employed as a suitable soil tillage system in soybean farming without an impact on the total isoflavone.”
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