Abstract
Although salinity inhibits plant growth, application of appropriate rhizosphere bacteria can diminish this negative effect. We studied one possible mechanism that may underlie this beneficial response. Wheat plants were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis IB-22 and Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14 and their consequences for growth, water relations, and concentrations of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) were followed in the presence of soil salinity. Salinity alone increased ABA concentration in wheat leaves and roots and this was associated with decreased stomatal conductance, but also with chlorophyll loss. Bacterial treatment raised ABA concentrations in roots, suppressed accumulation of leaf ABA, decreased chlorophyll loss, and promoted leaf area and transpiration. However, water balance was maintained due to increased water uptake by inoculated plants, brought about in part by a larger root system. The effect may be the outcome of ABA action since the hormone is known to maintain root extension in stressed plants. Root ABA concentration was highest in salt-stressed plants inoculated with B. subtilis and this contributed to greater root hydraulic conductivity. We conclude that bacteria can raise salt resistance in wheat by increasing root ABA, resulting in larger root systems that can also possess enhanced hydraulic conductivity thereby supporting better-hydrated leaves.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased ABA in wheat leaves and roots.
- Taxon
- Wheat Plants
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- wheat leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- ABA concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity alone increased ABA concentration in wheat leaves and roots”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher ABA under salinity was associated with decreased stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- ABAe1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this was associated with decreased stomatal conductance”
e1“Salinity alone increased ABA concentration in wheat leaves and roots”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity was associated with chlorophyll loss in wheat.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll losse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but also with chlorophyll loss”
e1“Salinity alone increased ABA concentration in wheat leaves and roots”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment raised root ABA concentrations.
- Taxon
- Wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Bacterial treatmente0
- Outcome
- ABA concentrationse0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial treatment raised ABA concentrations in roots”
e1“Wheat plants were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis IB-22 and Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment suppressed leaf ABA accumulation.
- Taxon
- Wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Bacterial treatmente0
- Outcome
- accumulation of leaf ABAe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial treatment raised ABA concentrations in roots, suppressed accumulation of leaf ABA”
e1“Wheat plants were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis IB-22 and Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment decreased chlorophyll loss.
- Taxon
- Wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Bacterial treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll losse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial treatment raised ABA concentrations in roots, suppressed accumulation of leaf ABA, decreased chlorophyll loss”
e1“Wheat plants were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis IB-22 and Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment promoted leaf area and transpiration.
- Taxon
- Wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Bacterial treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf area and transpiratione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial treatment raised ABA concentrations in roots, suppressed accumulation of leaf ABA, decreased chlorophyll loss, and promoted leaf area and transpiration”
e1“Wheat plants were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis IB-22 and Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated plants had greater water uptake and maintained water balance.
- Taxon
- Wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- water uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water balance was maintained due to increased water uptake by inoculated plants, brought about in part by a larger root system”
e1“Wheat plants were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis IB-22 and Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated plants developed a larger root system.
- Taxon
- Wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- root systeme0
- Direction
- largere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased water uptake by inoculated plants, brought about in part by a larger root system”
e1“Wheat plants were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis IB-22 and Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14”
Claim · model-written summary
Root ABA was highest in salt stressed wheat inoculated with B. subtilis.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Outcome
- Root ABA concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root ABA concentration was highest in salt-stressed plants inoculated with B. subtilis”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated root ABA contributed to greater root hydraulic conductivity.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- ABAe1
- Outcome
- root hydraulic conductivitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this contributed to greater root hydraulic conductivity”
e1“Root ABA concentration was highest in salt-stressed plants inoculated with B. subtilis”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that bacteria increase wheat salt resistance via root ABA, larger root systems, and hydraulic conductivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- salt resistancee0
- Direction
- raisee0
- Qualifier
- larger root systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacteria can raise salt resistance in wheat by increasing root ABA, resulting in larger root systems that can also possess enhanced hydraulic conductivity thereby supporting better-hydrated leaves”
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