Abstract
Polyamines are considered multifunctional stress metabolites in plants. The ability of exogenous polyamines to increase plant resistance to adverse factors of various nature is well-known. At the same time, the stress-protective effects of polyamines at the level of whole plants under conditions of dehydration close to natural have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this work was to study the effect of foliar treatment of wheat plants with solutions of putrescine and spermine on the functioning of their protective systems during drought under laboratory soil culture conditions. In the experiments, we used young wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.), which were subjected to a 4-day drought with a gradual decrease in the water content in the soil to 25% of the total moisture capacity. Spraying plants with putrescine in a concentration range of 0,25-5 mM significantly reduced the growth-inhibiting effect of drought; the effect of spermine was less effective, but also significant at P ≤ 0,05. Putrescine significantly reduced the manifestation of water deficit caused by drought. Under the action of spermine, only a tendency towards a decrease in the water deficit of the leaves was noted. Drought caused the effect of oxidative stress, which was manifested in an increase in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves. During the pretreatment of plants with spermine, the increase in the MDA content was partially leveled, and under the action of putrescine it was leveled almost completely. Treatment of plants with both polyamines at concentrations of 1 and 5 mM promoted preservation of the pool of chlorophylls and carotenoids in leaves under stress conditions. Moreover, when plants were treated with putrescine and spermine under drought conditions, a close to usual ratio of chlorophylls a/b was maintained. The proline content in leaves increased significantly under the influence of drought. Pretreatment with 1 and 5 mM putrescine, and 5 mM spermine reduced effect of proline content growth in leaves, caused by drought. At the same time, the treatment of plants with both polyamines caused the accumulation of sugars in the leaves. Under the influence of drought, the content of anthocyanins and flavonoids absorbing in the UV-B region significantly decreased in the leaves. Pretreatment with spermine somewhat mitigated the negative effect of drought on the anthocyanin content. Under the action of both putrescine and spermine, the content of flavonoids absorbing in UV-B stabilized in leaves. It was concluded that the protective effect of polyamines on wheat plants under drought conditions is primarily due to the regulation of water metabolism and the prevention of oxidative damage.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine significantly reduced drought inhibition of wheat growth.
- Taxon
- wheat plants
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- putrescine in a concentration range of 0,25-5 mMe0
- Outcome
- growth-inhibiting effect of droughte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying plants with putrescine in a concentration range of 0,25-5 mM significantly reduced the growth-inhibiting effect of drought”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine significantly reduced drought inhibition of wheat growth, less effectively than putrescine.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- growth-inhibiting effect of droughte1
- Direction
- less effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of spermine was less effective, but also significant at P ≤ 0,05”
e1“growth-inhibiting effect of drought”
e2“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine significantly reduced drought-induced water deficit.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Putrescinee0
- Outcome
- water deficite0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Putrescine significantly reduced the manifestation of water deficit caused by drought.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine showed a tendency to reduce leaf water deficit.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- water deficit of the leavese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- only a tendencye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the action of spermine, only a tendency towards a decrease in the water deficit of the leaves was noted.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased leaf malondialdehyde content.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leavese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought caused the effect of oxidative stress, which was manifested in an increase in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine partly leveled the drought-induced increase in malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- partially levelede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the pretreatment of plants with spermine, the increase in the MDA content was partially leveled”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine almost completely leveled the drought-induced increase in malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- MDA contente1
- Direction
- levelede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under the action of putrescine it was leveled almost completely”
e1“increase in the MDA content”
e2“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine preserved chlorophyll and carotenoid pools under drought.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- putrescinee1
- Outcome
- pool of chlorophylls and carotenoids in leavese0
- Direction
- preservatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of plants with both polyamines at concentrations of 1 and 5 mM promoted preservation of the pool of chlorophylls and carotenoids in leaves under stress conditions.”
e1“solutions of putrescine and spermine”
e2“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine preserved chlorophyll and carotenoid pools under drought.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- sperminee1
- Outcome
- pool of chlorophylls and carotenoids in leavese0
- Direction
- preservatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of plants with both polyamines at concentrations of 1 and 5 mM promoted preservation of the pool of chlorophylls and carotenoids in leaves under stress conditions.”
e1“solutions of putrescine and spermine”
e2“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine maintained a near-usual chlorophyll a/b ratio during drought.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- ratio of chlorophylls a/be0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when plants were treated with putrescine and spermine under drought conditions, a close to usual ratio of chlorophylls a/b was maintained”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine maintained a near-usual chlorophyll a/b ratio during drought.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- ratio of chlorophylls a/be0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when plants were treated with putrescine and spermine under drought conditions, a close to usual ratio of chlorophylls a/b was maintained”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly increased leaf proline content.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- proline content in leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proline content in leaves increased significantly under the influence of drought.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine reduced drought-driven proline accumulation in leaves.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 1 and 5 mM putrescinee0
- Outcome
- proline content growth in leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment with 1 and 5 mM putrescine, and 5 mM spermine reduced effect of proline content growth in leaves, caused by drought.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine reduced drought-driven proline accumulation in leaves.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 5 mM sperminee0
- Outcome
- proline content growth in leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment with 1 and 5 mM putrescine, and 5 mM spermine reduced effect of proline content growth in leaves, caused by drought.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine caused sugar accumulation in leaves.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- putrescinee1
- Outcome
- sugars in the leavese0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment of plants with both polyamines caused the accumulation of sugars in the leaves”
e1“solutions of putrescine and spermine”
e2“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine caused sugar accumulation in leaves.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- sperminee1
- Outcome
- sugars in the leavese0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment of plants with both polyamines caused the accumulation of sugars in the leaves”
e1“solutions of putrescine and spermine”
e2“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly decreased leaf anthocyanins and UV-B absorbing flavonoids.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- content of anthocyanins and flavonoids absorbing in the UV-B regione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the influence of drought, the content of anthocyanins and flavonoids absorbing in the UV-B region significantly decreased in the leaves.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine somewhat mitigated drought effects on anthocyanin content.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment with spermine somewhat mitigated the negative effect of drought on the anthocyanin content.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine stabilized UV-B absorbing flavonoids in leaves.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- content of flavonoids absorbing in UV-Be0
- Direction
- stabilizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the action of both putrescine and spermine, the content of flavonoids absorbing in UV-B stabilized in leaves.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine stabilized UV-B absorbing flavonoids in leaves.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- content of flavonoids absorbing in UV-Be0
- Direction
- stabilizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the action of both putrescine and spermine, the content of flavonoids absorbing in UV-B stabilized in leaves.”
e1“wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
putrescine · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
putrescine · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →putrescine · quality: phytochemicals · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
spermine · quality: phytochemicals · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
putrescine · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
spermine · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →spermine · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →spermine · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.