Abstract
Drought is a multifaceted stress condition that inhibits crop growth. Seed germination is one of the critical and sensitive stages of plants, and its process is inhibited or even entirely prevented by drought. Polyamines (PAs) are closely associated with plant resistance to drought stress and seed germination. However, little is known about the effect of PA on the seed germination of wheat under drought stress. This study investigated the involvement of PAs in regulating wheat seed germination under drought stress. Six wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance were used, and endogenous PA levels were measured during seed germination under different water treatments. In addition, external PA was used for seed soaking and the variation of hormones, total soluble sugar and starch were measured during the seed germination under different water treatments. These results indicated that the free spermidine (Spd) accumulation in seeds during the seed germination period favored wheat seed germination under drought stress; however, the free putrescine (Put) accumulation in seeds during the seed germination period may work against wheat seed germination under drought stress. In addition, seed soaking in Spd and spermine (Spm) significantly relieved the inhibition of seed germination by drought stress; however, soaking seeds in Put had no significant effect on seed germination under drought. External Spd and Spm significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GA) contents in seeds and accelerated the seed starch degradation and increased the concentration of soluble sugars in seeds during seed germination. This may promote wheat seed germination under drought stress. In conclusion, free Spd and Put are key factors for regulating wheat seed germination under drought stress and the effects of Spd and Put on seed germination under drought notably related to hormones and starch metabolism.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Free spermidine accumulation favored wheat seed germination under drought.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Compound
- free spermidine (Spd)e0
- Outcome
- wheat seed germinatione0
- Direction
- favorede0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“free spermidine (Spd) accumulation in seeds during the seed germination period favored wheat seed germination under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Free putrescine accumulation may work against wheat seed germination under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- free putrescine (Put)e0
- Outcome
- wheat seed germinatione0
- Direction
- againste0
- Qualifier
- may work againste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“free putrescine (Put) accumulation in seeds during the seed germination period may work against wheat seed germination under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking seeds in spermidine significantly relieved drought inhibition of germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed soaking in Spde0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- relievede0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“seed soaking in Spd and spermine (Spm) significantly relieved the inhibition of seed germination by drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking seeds in spermine significantly relieved drought inhibition of germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spermine (Spm)e0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- relievede0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“seed soaking in Spd and spermine (Spm) significantly relieved the inhibition of seed germination by drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine soaking had no significant effect on germination under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soaking seeds in Pute0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
- Comparator
- droughte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“soaking seeds in Put had no significant effect on seed germination under drought”
Claim · model-written summary
External spermidine and spermine significantly increased seed IAA, Z plus ZR, ABA and GA contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- External Spd and Spme0
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GA) contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“External Spd and Spm significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GA) contents in seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
External spermidine and spermine accelerated seed starch degradation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- External Spd and Spme0
- Outcome
- seed starch degradatione0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“External Spd and Spm significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GA) contents in seeds and accelerated the seed starch degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
External spermidine and spermine increased soluble sugar concentration in germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- External Spd and Spme1
- Outcome
- concentration of soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“increased the concentration of soluble sugars in seeds during seed germination”
e1“External Spd and Spm significantly increased”
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