Abstract
The improvement of grain filling is the key issue for promoting wheat thousand grain weight and grain yield. The levels of polyamines (PAs) significantly affect grain filling in cereals, but the mechanism by which PAs affect grain filling in wheat is unclear. In the present study, six wheat cultivars whose grain filling differed were used, and their grain-filling characteristics and endogenous PA contents were measured. In addition, exogenous PAs were supplied during the wheat grain-filling period. The grain-filling characteristics, hormone levels, starch contents, and gene expression [based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)] in the grain were analyzed. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of PAs on grain filling in wheat. The results suggested that the direct synthetic pathway from putrescine (Put) to spermidine (Spd) in the grain was a key factor in promoting grain filling and thousand grain weight in wheat. Spd through regulates the grain-filling rate of inferior grain during the early grain-filling period to affecting the grain filling and thousand grain weight of wheat. The promotive effect of Spd on the grain filling of inferior wheat grain was notably related to carbohydrate metabolism in that grain. Spd significantly increased the zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) contents but reduced the ethylene (ETH) evolution rate in the inferior grain. In addition, Spd significantly increased the sucrose synthase (SS) and acid invertase (AI) activities in the inferior grain. These effects of Spd led to increased sucrose content in the inferior grain. These reasons might explain why Spd significantly promoted the filling and weight of inferior wheat grain.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The direct putrescine-to-spermidine synthesis pathway was identified as a key factor promoting wheat grain filling and thousand grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Compound
- putrescine (Put) to spermidine (Spd)e0
- Outcome
- grain filling and thousand grain weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the direct synthetic pathway from putrescine (Put) to spermidine (Spd) in the grain was a key factor in promoting grain filling and thousand grain weight in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine regulates the early filling rate of inferior wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- early grain-filling periode0
- Compound
- Spde0
- Outcome
- grain-filling rate of inferior graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd through regulates the grain-filling rate of inferior grain during the early grain-filling period”
e1“grain filling and thousand grain weight of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The promotion of inferior wheat grain filling by spermidine was related to carbohydrate metabolism.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- Spde0
- Outcome
- grain filling of inferior wheat graine0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The promotive effect of Spd on the grain filling of inferior wheat grain was notably related to carbohydrate metabolism in that grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine significantly increased zeatin plus zeatin riboside content in inferior wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- inferior graine0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd significantly increased the zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) contents but reduced the ethylene (ETH) evolution rate in the inferior grain”
e1“inferior wheat grain was notably related”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine reduced ethylene evolution rate in inferior wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- inferior graine0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- ethylene (ETH) evolution ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd significantly increased the zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) contents but reduced the ethylene (ETH) evolution rate in the inferior grain”
e1“inferior wheat grain was notably related”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine significantly increased sucrose synthase activity in inferior wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- inferior graine0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- sucrose synthase (SS)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd significantly increased the sucrose synthase (SS) and acid invertase (AI) activities in the inferior grain”
e1“inferior wheat grain was notably related”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine significantly increased acid invertase activity in inferior wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- inferior graine0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- acid invertase (AI) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd significantly increased the sucrose synthase (SS) and acid invertase (AI) activities in the inferior grain”
e1“inferior wheat grain was notably related”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine-related effects increased sucrose content in inferior wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- inferior graine0
- Compound
- Spde0
- Outcome
- sucrose contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These effects of Spd led to increased sucrose content in the inferior grain”
e1“inferior wheat grain was notably related”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine significantly promoted filling of inferior wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- inferior wheat graine0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- fillinge0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd significantly promoted the filling and weight of inferior wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine significantly promoted weight of inferior wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- inferior wheat graine0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- weighte0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd significantly promoted the filling and weight of inferior wheat grain”
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