Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is toxic to plants, but the effect of glutathione in Hg alleviation was never studied in alfalfa, an important forage crop. In this study, Hg toxicity showed morphological retardation, chlorophyll reduction, and PSII inefficiency, which was restored due to GSH supplementation in alfalfa plants treated with Hg. Results showed a significant increase of Hg, but Fe and S concentrations substantially decreased in root and shoot accompanied by the downregulation of Fe (MsIRT1) and S (MsSultr1;2 and MsSultr1;3) transporters in roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa. However, GSH caused a significant decrease of Hg in the shoot, while the root Hg level substantially increased, accompanied by the restoration of Fe and S status, relative to Hg-stressed alfalfa. The subcellular analysis showed a substantial deposition of Hg in the root cell wall accompanied by the increased GSH and PC and the upregulation of MsPCS1 and MsGSH1 genes in roots. It suggests the involvement of GSH in triggering PC accumulation, causing excess Hg bound to the cell wall of the root, thereby reducing Hg translocation in alfalfa. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the MsPCS1 protein demonstrated one common conserved motif linked to the phytochelatin synthase domain (CL0125) with MtPCS1 and AtMCS1 homologs. These in silico analysis further confirmed the detoxification role of MsPCS1 induced by GSH in Hg-toxic alfalfa. Additionally, GSH induces GSH and GR activity to counteract oxidative injuries provoked by Hg-induced H2O2 and lipid peroxidation. These findings may provide valuable knowledge to popularize GSH-derived fertilizer or to develop Hg-free alfalfa or other forage plants.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Mercury toxicity caused morphological retardation, chlorophyll reduction, and PSII inefficiency in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae1 - Treatment
- Hge1
- Outcome
- morphological retardation, chlorophyll reduction, and PSII inefficiencye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hg toxicity showed morphological retardation, chlorophyll reduction, and PSII inefficiency”
e1“alfalfa plants treated with Hg”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH supplementation restored the mercury-related morphological and physiological retardations.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- GSH supplementatione0
- Outcome
- restorede0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was restored due to GSH supplementation in alfalfa plants treated with Hg”
Claim · model-written summary
Hg exposure significantly increased Hg concentration in alfalfa roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote0
- Treatment
- Hge1
- Outcome
- Hge0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed a significant increase of Hg, but Fe and S concentrations substantially decreased in root and shoot”
e1“roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Hg exposure substantially decreased Fe and S concentrations in alfalfa roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote0
- Treatment
- Hge1
- Outcome
- Fe and S concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe and S concentrations substantially decreased in root and shoot”
e1“roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Hg-toxic alfalfa roots downregulated Fe transporter MsIRT1.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- MsIRT1e0
- Outcome
- Fe (MsIRT1)e0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of Fe (MsIRT1) and S (MsSultr1;2 and MsSultr1;3) transporters in roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Hg-toxic alfalfa roots downregulated S transporters MsSultr1;2 and MsSultr1;3.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- MsSultr1;2 and MsSultr1;3e0
- Outcome
- S (MsSultr1;2 and MsSultr1;3) transporterse0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of Fe (MsIRT1) and S (MsSultr1;2 and MsSultr1;3) transporters in roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH significantly decreased shoot Hg relative to Hg stress alone.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- Hg in the shoote0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- Hg-stressed alfalfae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSH caused a significant decrease of Hg in the shoot, while the root Hg level substantially increased, accompanied by the restoration of Fe and S status, relative to Hg-stressed alfalfa.”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH substantially increased root Hg relative to Hg stress alone.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- root Hg levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Hg-stressed alfalfae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSH caused a significant decrease of Hg in the shoot, while the root Hg level substantially increased, accompanied by the restoration of Fe and S status, relative to Hg-stressed alfalfa.”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH restored Fe and S status relative to Hg stress alone.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- GSHe1
- Outcome
- Fe and S statuse0
- Direction
- restoratione0
- Comparator
- Hg-stressed alfalfae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the restoration of Fe and S status, relative to Hg-stressed alfalfa”
e1“GSH caused a significant decrease of Hg in the shoot”
Claim · model-written summary
Hg accumulated substantially in the root cell wall.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Organ / stage
- root cell walle0
- Outcome
- deposition of Hg in the root cell walle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a substantial deposition of Hg in the root cell wall”
e1“roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Root GSH and PC levels increased.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- GSH and PCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increased GSH and PC and the upregulation of MsPCS1 and MsGSH1 genes in roots”
e1“roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Root MsPCS1 and MsGSH1 genes were upregulated.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Gene
- MsPCS1 and MsGSH1e0
- Outcome
- MsPCS1 and MsGSH1 genese0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the upregulation of MsPCS1 and MsGSH1 genes in roots”
e1“roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that GSH triggers PC accumulation and binds excess Hg to root cell walls, reducing Hg translocation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- Hg translocatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- PC accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSH in triggering PC accumulation, causing excess Hg bound to the cell wall of the root, thereby reducing Hg translocation in alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
MsPCS1 had a conserved motif linked to the phytochelatin synthase domain with MtPCS1 and AtMCS1 homologs.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Gene
- MsPCS1e0
- Outcome
- one common conserved motif linked to the phytochelatin synthase domain (CL0125)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the MsPCS1 protein demonstrated one common conserved motif linked to the phytochelatin synthase domain (CL0125) with MtPCS1 and AtMCS1 homologs”
e1“roots of Hg-toxic alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH induced GSH and GR activity to counter oxidative injury from Hg-related H2O2 and lipid peroxidation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSH induces GSH and GR activity to counteract oxidative injuries provoked by Hg-induced H2O2 and lipid peroxidation.”
e1“Hg-induced H2O2 and lipid peroxidation”
t0“Alfalfa”
The same questions in other papers
glutathione · nutrient: content · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.