Abstract
Improvements in nitrogen (N) use efficiency in crop production are important for addressing the triple challenges of food security, environmental degradation and climate change. The three fertilizers, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea (Urea) and stabilized urea (Ureastab), were applied at a rate of 160 kg N ha−1 with two or three splits to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Pannonian climate region of eastern Austria. On average, over all fertilization treatments, the grain yield (GY) increased by about a quarter and the grain N concentration (GNC) doubled compared to the control without fertilization. Consequently, the grain N yield (NYGRAIN) was increased with N fertilization by 154%. The GY increased due to a higher grain density with no differences between N fertilizers but with a tendency of a higher grain yield with three compared to two splits. Three splits also slightly increased the GNC and consequently the NYGRAIN of CAN and Ureastab in one year. The removal of N fertilizer with the NYGRAIN (N surplus) was higher than the amount of applied fertilizer. Fertilization decreased the N use efficiency (NUE), the N uptake efficiency (NUpE) and the N utilization efficiency (NUtE) but increased the soil mineral nitrate (NO3-N) at harvest and the apparent N loss (ANL). Three compared to two applications resulted in a higher NO3-N at harvest but also a lower N surplus due to partly higher NYGRAIN. Consequently, the ANL was lower with three compared to two splits. Also, the NUpE and the apparent N recovery efficiency (ANRE) were higher with three splits. The best N treatment regarding highest above-ground biomass yield with lowest N surplus, N balance and ANL was the three-split treatment (50 CAN, 50 CAN, 60 liquid urea ammonium nitrate). Three splits can, under semi-arid conditions, be beneficial when aiming high-quality wheat for bread-making and also for reducing the N loss. Whereas, two splits are recommended when aiming only at high GY, e.g., for ethanol-wheat production.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization raised grain yield by about a quarter versus unfertilized control.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain yield (GY)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about a quartere0
- Comparator
- control without fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain yield (GY) increased by about a quarter and the grain N concentration (GNC) doubled compared to the control without fertilization”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization doubled grain N concentration.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain N concentration (GNC)e0
- Direction
- doublede0
- Value
- doublede0
- Comparator
- control without fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain yield (GY) increased by about a quarter and the grain N concentration (GNC) doubled compared to the control without fertilization”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization increased grain N yield by 154%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain N yield (NYGRAIN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 154%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain N yield (NYGRAIN) was increased with N fertilization by 154%.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain density contributed to increased grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- higher grain densitye0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GY increased due to a higher grain density”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield did not differ among N fertilizers.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- N fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- GYe1
- Direction
- no differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with no differences between N fertilizers”
e1“The GY increased due to a higher grain density with no differences between N fertilizers”
e2“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three splits tended toward higher grain yield than two.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- threee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- two splitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a tendency of a higher grain yield with three compared to two splits”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three splits slightly increased grain N concentration.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Three splitse0
- Outcome
- GNCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three splits also slightly increased the GNC and consequently the NYGRAIN of CAN and Ureastab in one year.”
e1“grain N concentration (GNC)”
e2“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three splits increased grain N yield for CAN and Ureastab in one year.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Three splitse0
- Outcome
- NYGRAINe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- CAN and Ureastab in one yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three splits also slightly increased the GNC and consequently the NYGRAIN of CAN and Ureastab in one year.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N surplus exceeded the fertilizer amount applied.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- N surpluse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- amount of applied fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The removal of N fertilizer with the NYGRAIN (N surplus) was higher than the amount of applied fertilizer.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization decreased NUE, NUpE and NUtE.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N use efficiency (NUE), the N uptake efficiency (NUpE) and the N utilization efficiency (NUtE)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization decreased the N use efficiency (NUE), the N uptake efficiency (NUpE) and the N utilization efficiency (NUtE)”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased soil nitrate at harvest and apparent N loss.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- soil mineral nitrate (NO3-N) at harvest and the apparent N loss (ANL)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the soil mineral nitrate (NO3-N) at harvest and the apparent N loss (ANL)”
e1“Fertilization decreased”
e2“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three applications increased soil nitrate at harvest versus two.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Threee0
- Outcome
- NO3-N at harveste0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- two applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three compared to two applications resulted in a higher NO3-N at harvest”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three applications reduced N surplus versus two.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Threee0
- Outcome
- N surpluse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- two applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three compared to two applications resulted in a higher NO3-N at harvest but also a lower N surplus due to partly higher NYGRAIN.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three splits reduced apparent N loss relative to two.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- threee0
- Outcome
- ANLe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- two splitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ANL was lower with three compared to two splits.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three splits raised N uptake and apparent N recovery efficiencies.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- three splitse0
- Outcome
- NUpE and the apparent N recovery efficiency (ANRE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NUpE and the apparent N recovery efficiency (ANRE) were higher with three splits.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
A three-split CAN/CAN/liquid urea ammonium nitrate schedule best combined biomass yield and low N surplus, balance and loss.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- three-split treatment (50 CAN, 50 CAN, 60 liquid urea ammonium nitrate)e0
- Outcome
- highest above-ground biomass yield with lowest N surplus, N balance and ANLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best N treatment regarding highest above-ground biomass yield with lowest N surplus, N balance and ANL was the three-split treatment (50 CAN, 50 CAN, 60 liquid urea ammonium nitrate).”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend three splits for bread-making wheat and reducing N loss in semi-arid conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Three splitse0
- Qualifier
- semi-arid conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three splits can, under semi-arid conditions, be beneficial when aiming high-quality wheat for bread-making and also for reducing the N loss.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend two splits when only high grain yield is sought.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- two splits are recommendede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two splits are recommended when aiming only at high GY”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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