Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Increased soil salt concentration decreases productivity and changes the physiological and chemical properties of plants. Various omics technologies have been used to understand the salt response in plants but overall changes in the metabolite profiles of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) under salt stress have not been studied. In this article, therefore, the changes in mineral and metabolite profiles of spinach plants cultivated with different NaCl concentrations of 0–200 mmol L –1 in the irrigation water were analyzed to investigate the effect of salt stress on nutritional quality. RESULTS Increasing NaCl concentration decreased plant growth due to mineral imbalance. The amounts of minerals (K + , Ca 2+ , and Fe 2+ ) were reduced with increasing NaCl concentration, resulting in altered ratios of Na + :K + and Na + :Ca 2+ . The change in the mineral ratios due to NaCl irrigation led to a decrease in the height and an increase in the weight of spinach. Moreover, the profiles of 32 metabolites, including flavonoids, amino acids, acidic compounds, sugars, and lipid‐related compounds, were altered by NaCl irrigation; most of them showed decreased levels. In particular, at 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, the levels of sucrose, glutamic acid, hexose sugars, and acidic compounds significantly decreased upon NaCl irrigation. Based on these metabolites, a salt‐stress‐related spinach metabolomic pathway was proposed. CONCLUSION Sodium chloride irrigation increased mineral imbalance, resulting in decreased plant growth, and the levels of most metabolites involved in energy production, sensory quality, and health benefits decreased with NaCl irrigation. The results suggest that NaCl irrigation negatively affects the nutritional quality of spinach. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl reduced spinach growth.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- Increasing NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing NaCl concentration decreased plant growth due to mineral imbalance.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl reduced spinach K + content.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- increasing NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- K +e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of minerals (K + , Ca 2+ , and Fe 2+ ) were reduced with increasing NaCl concentration”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl reduced spinach Ca 2+ content.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- increasing NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of minerals (K + , Ca 2+ , and Fe 2+ ) were reduced with increasing NaCl concentration”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl reduced spinach Fe 2+ content.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- increasing NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- Fe 2+e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of minerals (K + , Ca 2+ , and Fe 2+ ) were reduced with increasing NaCl concentration”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl changed the Na:K mineral ratio.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NaCl irrigatione1
- Outcome
- Na + :K +e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in altered ratios of Na + :K + and Na + :Ca 2+ .”
t0“spinach”
e1“due to NaCl irrigation led”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl changed the Na:Ca mineral ratio.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NaCl irrigatione1
- Outcome
- Na + :Ca 2+e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in altered ratios of Na + :K + and Na + :Ca 2+ .”
t0“spinach”
e1“due to NaCl irrigation led”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl irrigation reduced spinach height.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- NaCl irrigatione0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The change in the mineral ratios due to NaCl irrigation led to a decrease in the height and an increase in the weight of spinach.”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl irrigation increased spinach weight.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- NaCl irrigatione0
- Outcome
- weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The change in the mineral ratios due to NaCl irrigation led to a decrease in the height and an increase in the weight of spinach.”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl irrigation altered profiles of 32 metabolites, most decreasing.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NaCl irrigatione0
- Outcome
- profiles of 32 metabolitese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the profiles of 32 metabolites, including flavonoids, amino acids, acidic compounds, sugars, and lipid‐related compounds, were altered by NaCl irrigation; most of them showed decreased levels.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, sucrose significantly decreased.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 200 mmol L –1 NaCle0
- Outcome
- sucrosee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, the levels of sucrose, glutamic acid, hexose sugars, and acidic compounds significantly decreased upon NaCl irrigation.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, glutamic acid significantly decreased.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 200 mmol L –1 NaCle0
- Outcome
- glutamic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, the levels of sucrose, glutamic acid, hexose sugars, and acidic compounds significantly decreased upon NaCl irrigation.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, hexose sugars significantly decreased.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 200 mmol L –1 NaCle0
- Outcome
- hexose sugarse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, the levels of sucrose, glutamic acid, hexose sugars, and acidic compounds significantly decreased upon NaCl irrigation.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, acidic compounds significantly decreased.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 200 mmol L –1 NaCle0
- Outcome
- acidic compoundse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 200 mmol L –1 NaCl, the levels of sucrose, glutamic acid, hexose sugars, and acidic compounds significantly decreased upon NaCl irrigation.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
A spinach metabolomic pathway related to salt stress was proposed.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- salt‐stress‐related spinach metabolomic pathwaye0
- Value
- salt‐stress‐relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a salt‐stress‐related spinach metabolomic pathway was proposed.”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →sodium chloride · molecular: metabolites · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →sodium chloride · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
irrigation · molecular: metabolites · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
irrigation · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.