Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) are two closely associated chemical elements having varied biological roles. Cd is a non-essential noxious element whereas Zn is an indispensable micronutrient at low concentrations but toxic to plants at higher levels. At the root surface, Cd competes with Zn for the same transmembrane carriers and Zn reduces Cd uptake in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are considered potential biotechnological approach for increasing plant tolerance to Cd-polluted soils. Applications of Zn and AM fungal inoculations might augment metal tolerance by reducing Cd uptake through their interactive effects. Thus, experiments were carried out to investigate the interplay between Zn (500 and 1000 mg kg-1 dry soil) and AM fungus [Funneliformis mosseae (T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.) C. Walker & A. Schüßler] on growth, nutrient management, photosynthetic efficiency, osmotic equilibrium and productivity in two pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) genotypes (Tolerant- Sel 85N and Sensitive- P792) exposed to Cd stress (25 and 50 mg kg-1 dry soil). Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic. However, Zn and AM reduced Cd uptake and their combined treatments enhanced plant biomass, photosynthetic ability and harvest index (HI) significantly by providing osmotic balance (total soluble sugars, free amino acids, proline, glycine betaine). The effects were more discernible in Sel 85N than P792 which could be directly correlated with its better ability for mycorrhizal colonization under stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced plant dry matter.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
Cajanus cajant0 - Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- plant dry mattere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced total chlorophyll contents.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced Rubisco activity.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Gene
- Rubiscoe0
- Outcome
- Rubisco activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced yield.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- losse0
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn exposure reduced plant dry matter.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- plant dry mattere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn exposure reduced total chlorophyll contents.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn exposure reduced Rubisco activity.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Gene
- Rubiscoe0
- Outcome
- Rubisco activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn exposure reduced nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn exposure reduced yield.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- losse0
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd was more toxic than Zn.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Direction
- more toxice0
- Comparator
- Zne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that accumulation of Cd and Zn individually reduced plant dry matter, total chlorophyll contents, Rubisco activity and nutrient uptake resulting in loss of yield, with Cd proving to be more toxic”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn reduced Cd uptake.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, Zn and AM reduced Cd uptake and their combined treatments enhanced plant biomass, photosynthetic ability and harvest index (HI) significantly by providing osmotic balance (total soluble sugars, free amino acids, proline, glycine betaine)”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM reduced Cd uptake.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- AMe0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, Zn and AM reduced Cd uptake and their combined treatments enhanced plant biomass, photosynthetic ability and harvest index (HI) significantly by providing osmotic balance (total soluble sugars, free amino acids, proline, glycine betaine)”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Zn and AM treatments significantly enhanced biomass, photosynthetic ability and harvest index.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- combined treatmentse0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomass, photosynthetic ability and harvest index (HI)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- total soluble sugars, free amino acids, proline, glycine betainee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, Zn and AM reduced Cd uptake and their combined treatments enhanced plant biomass, photosynthetic ability and harvest index (HI) significantly by providing osmotic balance (total soluble sugars, free amino acids, proline, glycine betaine)”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment effects were more discernible in Sel 85N than P792.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Material
- Sel 85Ne0
- Outcome
- effectse0
- Direction
- more discerniblee0
- Comparator
- P792e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects were more discernible in Sel 85N than P792 which could be directly correlated with its better ability for mycorrhizal colonization under stress”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater treatment effects in Sel 85N were related to better mycorrhizal colonization under stress.
- Taxon
- Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Cajanus cajant0
- Material
- Sel 85Ne0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects were more discernible in Sel 85N than P792 which could be directly correlated with its better ability for mycorrhizal colonization under stress”
t0“Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · physiology: pigments · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Results differ
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
zinc atom · growth · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →zinc atom · yield · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Results differ
17 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →cadmium atom · growth · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →cadmium atom · yield · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: pigments · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
cadmium atom · nutrient: content · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.