Abstract
In order to solve the problems of excessive nitrogen input and irrigation water resources scarcity in current winter wheat production in Guanzhong Plain, winter wheat grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrate nitrogen leaching were investigated to hopefully provide a theoretical basis for determining water-saving and nitrogen-reducing cultivation model. The two-factor split-plot field experiment (2017‒2019) was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi province, China, where the nitrogen application rates of N300 (300 kg hm–2), N225 (225 kg hm–2), N150 (150 kg hm–2), N75 (75 kg hm–2), N0 (0 kg hm–2, no nitrogen application) were assigned to the main plots, and the irrigation amount of W2 (1200 m3 hm–2), W1 (600 m3 hm–2), W0 (0, no irrigation) were assigned to the subplots. The amount of irrigation and nitrogen application had significant effects on wheat yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency, soil nitrate nitrogen content as well as its leaching loss. In the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 wheat seasons, the irrigation treatments (W1 and W2) significantly increased the wheat yield by 14.88%–15.01% and 4.11–4.16 times, respectively, but the difference between them was not significant, while the risk of soil nitrate nitrogen leaching under irrigation of 600 m3 hm–2 in overwintering period was significantly reduced. Under the irrigation of 600 m3 hm–2 in overwintering period, the yield was the highest in N150 treatment in 2017–2018, and in N225 treatment in 2018–2019, the N150 treatment had higher nitrogen use efficiency, and soil nitrate nitrogen leaching was also reduced by 15.87% and 10.20% compared with that of N225 treatment in 2017–2019. Therefore, N150 treatment (with nitrogen application rate of 150 kg hm–2) combined with W1 treatment (irrigated 600 m3 hm–2 in overwintering period) can improve the water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies and reduce the risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching, realizing the water-saving and nitrogen reduction production of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and nitrogen application significantly affected wheat yield, resource efficiency, soil nitrate and leaching.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- wheat yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency, soil nitrate nitrogen contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of irrigation and nitrogen application had significant effects on wheat yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency, soil nitrate nitrogen content as well as its leaching loss”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased wheat yield by 14.88%–15.01% in 2017–2018.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation treatments (W1 and W2)e0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.88%–15.01%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the irrigation treatments (W1 and W2) significantly increased the wheat yield by 14.88%–15.01% and 4.11–4.16 times, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased wheat yield by 4.11–4.16 times in 2018–2019.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation treatments (W1 and W2)e0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.11–4.16 timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the irrigation treatments (W1 and W2) significantly increased the wheat yield by 14.88%–15.01% and 4.11–4.16 times, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
W1 and W2 wheat yields did not differ significantly.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the difference between them was not significant”
e1“the irrigation treatments (W1 and W2) significantly increased the wheat yield by 14.88%–15.01% and 4.11–4.16 times, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Overwinter irrigation at 600 m3 hm–2 reduced soil nitrate leaching risk significantly.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation of 600 m3 hm–2 in overwintering periode0
- Outcome
- risk of soil nitrate nitrogen leachinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“risk of soil nitrate nitrogen leaching under irrigation of 600 m3 hm–2 in overwintering period was significantly reduced”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under W1, N150 gave the highest yield in 2017–2018.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N150 treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- 2017–2018e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield was the highest in N150 treatment in 2017–2018”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under W1, N225 gave the highest yield in 2018–2019.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in N225 treatment in 2018–2019”
e1“the yield was the highest in N150 treatment in 2017–2018”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N150 had higher nitrogen use efficiency than N225.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N150 treatmente0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N150 treatment had higher nitrogen use efficiency”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N150 reduced soil nitrate leaching by 15.87% compared with N225 in 2017–2018.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil nitrate nitrogen leaching was also reduced by 15.87% and 10.20% compared with that of N225 treatment in 2017–2019”
e1“the N150 treatment had higher nitrogen use efficiency”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N150 reduced soil nitrate leaching by 10.20% compared with N225 in 2018–2019.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil nitrate nitrogen leaching was also reduced by 15.87% and 10.20% compared with that of N225 treatment in 2017–2019”
e1“the N150 treatment had higher nitrogen use efficiency”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend N150 with W1 for efficient water and nitrogen use and reduced nitrate leaching risk.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- N150 treatment (with nitrogen application rate of 150 kg hm–2) combined with W1 treatment (irrigated 600 m3 hm–2 in overwintering period)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N150 treatment (with nitrogen application rate of 150 kg hm–2) combined with W1 treatment (irrigated 600 m3 hm–2 in overwintering period) can improve the water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies and reduce the risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching”
t0“winter wheat”
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