Abstract
Salinity is a major environmental stress in agriculture with significantly detrimental effects on crop productivity. The development of strategies to enhance salinity stress tolerance in plants is essential to ensure crop production in saline environments. Melatonin (Mel) and serotonin (Ser) accumulate in response to environmental stresses and are presumed to play protective roles and improve growth of tissues during recovery. In this study, the effects of Mel and Ser were investigated in Arabidopsis under NaCl stress. Exogenous Mel (10 µM) and Ser (10 µM) treatment significantly increased fresh weight, lateral root number, and shoot height in A. thaliana seedlings exposed to NaCl stress (25 mM and 50 mM) compared to the non-treated control seedlings. In order to understand the role of these indoleamines in alleviating salt stress, we investigated the effects of Mel and Ser treatments on the expression of salt stress responsive genes including, transcription factors involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway, ABA-INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3)and ABA-INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5); ABA responsive gene, RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION 29B (RD29B), ABA-independent gene, RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION 29A (RD29A) and Arabidopsis trithorax-like gene (ATX1) which function in stress responses via ABA-dependent and ABA-independent manner. Other genes included, ROS-signaling transcription factor ZAT10 and ZAT12, and the genes encoding ion transporters crucial for maintaining ion homeostasis, HIGH AFFINITY K+ TRANSPORTER 5 (HAK5) and SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1 (SOS1). Mel (10 µM) pre-treatment for 24 hrs followed by 50 mM salt treatment up-regulated ABI3, RD29B, ZAT12 and HAK5. The Ser (10 µM) pre-treatment significantly up-regulated ZAT12.These results indicate that indoleamine pre-treatment improved plant growth under salt stress with Mel facilitating salt tolerance via upregulation of ABA responsive genes, mediation of antioxidant defense systems to counteract the salt-induced ROS overproduction as well as controlling ion homeostasis. Although Ser displayed no significant effects on ABA signaling, it was found to increase the expression of antioxidant defense gene, ZAT12. This study demonstrates the importance of indoleamine pathway in mediation of salt stress response and provides the first indication of the involvement of Ser in salt stress tolerance.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin significantly increased fresh weight, lateral root number and shoot height of Arabidopsis seedlings under NaCl stress compared with non-treated controls.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- Exogenous Mel (10 µM)e1
- Outcome
- fresh weight, lateral root number, and shoot heighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- NaCl stress (25 mM and 50 mM)e1
- Comparator
- non-treated control seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Exogenous Mel (10 µM) and Ser (10 µM) treatment significantly increased fresh weight, lateral root number, and shoot height in A. thaliana seedlings exposed to NaCl stress (25 mM and 50 mM) compared to the non-treated control seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous serotonin significantly increased fresh weight, lateral root number and shoot height of Arabidopsis seedlings under NaCl stress compared with non-treated controls.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Ser (10 µM)e1
- Outcome
- fresh weight, lateral root number, and shoot heighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- NaCl stress (25 mM and 50 mM)e1
- Comparator
- non-treated control seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Exogenous Mel (10 µM) and Ser (10 µM) treatment significantly increased fresh weight, lateral root number, and shoot height in A. thaliana seedlings exposed to NaCl stress (25 mM and 50 mM) compared to the non-treated control seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treatment followed by salt stress up-regulated ABI3, RD29B and ZAT12.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Mel (10 µM) pre-treatment for 24 hrs followed by 50 mM salt treatmente1
- Gene
- ABI3, RD29B, ZAT12e1
- Outcome
- ABI3, RD29B, ZAT12e1
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Mel (10 µM) pre-treatment for 24 hrs followed by 50 mM salt treatment up-regulated ABI3, RD29B, ZAT12 and HAK5”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treatment followed by salt stress up-regulated HAK5.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Mel (10 µM) pre-treatment for 24 hrs followed by 50 mM salt treatmente1
- Gene
- HAK5e1
- Outcome
- HAK5e1
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Mel (10 µM) pre-treatment for 24 hrs followed by 50 mM salt treatment up-regulated ABI3, RD29B, ZAT12 and HAK5”
Claim · model-written summary
Serotonin pre-treatment significantly up-regulated ZAT12.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- The Ser (10 µM) pre-treatmente1
- Gene
- ZAT12e1
- Outcome
- ZAT12e1
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“The Ser (10 µM) pre-treatment significantly up-regulated ZAT12”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin facilitates salt tolerance of Arabidopsis via upregulation of ABA-responsive genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Mele1
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee1
- Qualifier
- via upregulation of ABA responsive genese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“with Mel facilitating salt tolerance via upregulation of ABA responsive genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin acts through mediation of antioxidant defense systems that counteract salt-induced ROS overproduction.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Mele2
- Outcome
- salt-induced ROS overproductione1
- Qualifier
- mediation of antioxidant defense systemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“mediation of antioxidant defense systems to counteract the salt-induced ROS overproduction”
e2“with Mel facilitating salt tolerance via upregulation of ABA responsive genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin acts by controlling ion homeostasis under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Mele2
- Outcome
- ion homeostasise1
- Qualifier
- controlling ion homeostasise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“as well as controlling ion homeostasis”
e2“with Mel facilitating salt tolerance via upregulation of ABA responsive genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Serotonin pre-treatment had no significant effect on ABA signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Sere1
- Outcome
- ABA signalinge1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Although Ser displayed no significant effects on ABA signaling”
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See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.