Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) presents severe risks to human health and environments. The present study proposed a green option to reduce bioavailable Cd. Rice pot experiments were conducted under continuous flooding with three treatments (T1: intercropping azolla with rice; T2: incorporating azolla into soil before rice transplantation; CK: no azolla). The results showed that azolla incorporation reduced soluble Cd by 37% compared with the CK treatment, which may be explained by the decreased soil redox potential (Eh) (r = 0.867, P < 0.01). The higher relative abundance of Methylobacter observed in azolla incorporation treatment may account for dissolved organic carbon increase (r = 0.694; P < 0.05), and hence decreased the Cd availability for rice. Azolla incorporation increased the abundance of Nitrospira, indicating the potentially prominent role of nitrogen mineralization in increasing rice yields. Further, lower soluble Cd decreased the expression of OsNramp5, but increased OsHMA3 levels in rice roots, which decreased Cd accumulation in grains. Through these effects, azolla incorporation decreased Cd concentrations in rice grains by 80.3% and increased the production by 13.4%. The negligible amount of Cd absorbed by azolla would not increase the risk of long-term application. Thus, intercropping azolla with early rice and incorporating azolla into soil before late rice transplantation can contribute to safe production at large scales of double rice cultivation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Methylobacter abundance may explain increased dissolved organic carbon and lower Cd availability to rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Interactor
- MethylobacterMethylobactere0other
- Outcome
- Cd availability for ricee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- r = 0.694e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher relative abundance of Methylobacter observed in azolla incorporation treatment may account for dissolved organic carbon increase (r = 0.694; P < 0.05), and hence decreased the Cd availability for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer nitrogen mineralization may contribute to increased rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- nitrogen mineralizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating the potentially prominent role of nitrogen mineralization in increasing rice yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower soluble Cd reduced OsNramp5 expression in rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse0
- Gene
- OsNramp5e0
- Compound
- soluble Cde0
- Outcome
- expression of OsNramp5e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower soluble Cd decreased the expression of OsNramp5, but increased OsHMA3 levels in rice roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower soluble Cd increased OsHMA3 levels in rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse0
- Gene
- OsHMA3e0
- Compound
- soluble Cde0
- Outcome
- OsHMA3 levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower soluble Cd decreased the expression of OsNramp5, but increased OsHMA3 levels in rice roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla incorporation decreased rice grain Cd concentrations by 80.3%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- azolla incorporatione0
- Outcome
- Cd concentrations in rice grainse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 80.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“azolla incorporation decreased Cd concentrations in rice grains by 80.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla incorporation increased rice production by 13.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- azolla incorporatione0
- Outcome
- the productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“azolla incorporation decreased Cd concentrations in rice grains by 80.3% and increased the production by 13.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla absorbed a negligible amount of Cd.
AzollaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The negligible amount of Cd absorbed by azolla”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend intercropping azolla with early rice and incorporating it before late rice transplantation for safe double rice production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intercropping azolla with early rice and incorporating azolla into soil before late rice transplantatione0
- Outcome
- safe production at large scales of double rice cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping azolla with early rice and incorporating azolla into soil before late rice transplantation can contribute to safe production at large scales of double rice cultivation”