Abstract
Salinity is a significant abiotic stress for crop plants and a threat to global food security. Optimizing yield without adversely affecting the ecosystem is necessary for a sustainable agriculture. Silicon and plant growth-promoting bacteria were reported for mitigating several abiotic and biotic stress in plants. In our study, we identified the salt-tolerant rhizobacterium Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51. This species produces several plant-growth-promoting biochemicals like indole-3-acetic acid (33 ± 1.8 ng/mL) and gibberellic acid (GA3; 38 ± 1.3 and GA4; 23 ± 1.2 ng/mL) in Luria-Bertani(LB) media, and LB media spiked with 200 mM NaCl (indole-3-acetic acid(IAA); 17.6 ± 0.4 ng/mL, GA3; 21 ± 0.9 and GA4; 19 ± 1.0 ng/mL). In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of isolate CS51 and exogenous silicon (3 mM) on maize under salinity stress (200 mM). Our results showed that the sole application of isolate CS51, Si, and combined CS51 + Si significantly enhanced maize biomass and chlorophyll content under normal and salinity stress. Phytohormonal results showed that salinity stress increased abscisic acid (ABA; three folds) and jasmonic acid (JA; 49.20%). However, the sole and combined isolate CS51 + Si application markedly reduced ABA (1.5 folds) and JA content (14.89%). Besides, the sole and isolate CS51 + Si co-application strengthened the antioxidant system, such as flavonoid (97%) and polyphenol (19.64%), and lowered the proline content (57.69%) under NaCl stress. Similarly, the CS51 and Si inoculation (solely or combined) significantly enhanced the Si uptake (4 folds) and reduced the Na+ uptake (42.30%) in maize plants under NaCl stress. In conclusion, the current finding suggests that combining CS51 with Si can be used against salinity stress in maize plants and may be commercialized as a biofertilizer.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 produced indole-3-acetic acid in LB medium.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acide0
- Value
- 33 ± 1.8 ng/mLe0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indole-3-acetic acid (33 ± 1.8 ng/mL)”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 produced GA3 in LB medium.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- GA3e0
- Value
- 38 ± 1.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3; 38 ± 1.3”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 produced GA4 in LB medium.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- GA4e0
- Value
- 23 ± 1.2 ng/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA4; 23 ± 1.2 ng/mL”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 produced IAA under 200 mM NaCl.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)e0
- Value
- 17.6 ± 0.4 ng/mLe0
- Qualifier
- 200 mM NaCle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“200 mM NaCl (indole-3-acetic acid(IAA); 17.6 ± 0.4 ng/mL”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 produced GA3 under salt.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- GA3e0
- Value
- 21 ± 0.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3; 21 ± 0.9”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 produced GA4 under salt.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- GA4e0
- Value
- 19 ± 1.0 ng/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA4; 19 ± 1.0 ng/mL”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole CS51 application enhanced maize biomass and chlorophyll content under normal and saline conditions.
- Treatment
- sole application of isolate CS51e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- maize biomass and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole application of isolate CS51, Si, and combined CS51 + Si significantly enhanced maize biomass and chlorophyll content under normal and salinity stress.”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole silicon application enhanced maize biomass and chlorophyll content under normal and saline conditions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole application of isolate CS51, Si, and combined CS51 + Si significantly enhanced maize biomass and chlorophyll content under normal and salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined CS51 and silicon enhanced maize biomass and chlorophyll content under normal and saline conditions.
- Treatment
- combined CS51 + Sie0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- maize biomass and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined CS51 + Si significantly enhanced maize biomass and chlorophyll content under normal and salinity stress.”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased maize ABA threefold.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress increased abscisic acid (ABA; three folds)”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased maize JA by 49.20%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress increased abscisic acid (ABA; three folds) and jasmonic acid (JA; 49.20%).”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 application reduced ABA by 1.5 fold.
- Treatment
- isolate CS51e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse2symbiont
- Outcome
- ABAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.5 foldse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole and combined isolate CS51 + Si application markedly reduced ABA (1.5 folds)”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
e2“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 plus silicon reduced ABA by 1.5 fold.
- Treatment
- combined isolate CS51 + Sie0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse2symbiont
- Outcome
- ABAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.5 foldse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined isolate CS51 + Si application markedly reduced ABA (1.5 folds)”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
e2“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 treatment reduced JA by 14.89%.
- Treatment
- isolate CS51e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse2symbiont
- Outcome
- JA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14.89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole and combined isolate CS51 + Si application markedly reduced ABA (1.5 folds) and JA content (14.89%).”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
e2“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 plus silicon reduced JA by 14.89%.
- Treatment
- combined isolate CS51 + Sie0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse2symbiont
- Outcome
- JA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14.89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined isolate CS51 + Si application markedly reduced ABA (1.5 folds) and JA content (14.89%).”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
e2“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 application increased flavonoid by 97% under salt stress.
- Treatment
- isolate CS51e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse2symbiont
- Outcome
- flavonoide0
- Direction
- strengthenede0
- Value
- 97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole and isolate CS51 + Si co-application strengthened the antioxidant system, such as flavonoid (97%) and polyphenol (19.64%), and lowered the proline content (57.69%) under NaCl stress.”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
e2“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 plus silicon increased polyphenol by 19.64% under salt stress.
- Treatment
- isolate CS51 + Si co-applicatione0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse2symbiont
- Outcome
- polyphenole0
- Direction
- strengthenede0
- Value
- 19.64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“isolate CS51 + Si co-application strengthened the antioxidant system, such as flavonoid (97%) and polyphenol (19.64%)”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
e2“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 plus silicon reduced proline by 57.69% under salt stress.
- Treatment
- isolate CS51 + Si co-applicatione0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse2symbiont
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 57.69%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“isolate CS51 + Si co-application strengthened the antioxidant system, such as flavonoid (97%) and polyphenol (19.64%), and lowered the proline content (57.69%) under NaCl stress.”
e1“maize under salinity stress”
e2“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 and silicon enhanced silicon uptake fourfold under salt stress.
- Treatment
- CS51 and Si inoculation (solely or combined)e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse2symbiont
- Outcome
- Si uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 4 foldse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CS51 and Si inoculation (solely or combined) significantly enhanced the Si uptake (4 folds)”
e1“maize plants under NaCl stress”
e2“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
Claim · model-written summary
CS51 and silicon reduced sodium uptake by 42.30% under salt stress.
- Treatment
- CS51 and Si inoculation (solely or combined)e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51Pseudomonas oryzihabitanse1symbiont
- Outcome
- Na+ uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 42.30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CS51 and Si inoculation (solely or combined) significantly enhanced the Si uptake (4 folds) and reduced the Na+ uptake (42.30%) in maize plants under NaCl stress.”
e1“Pseudomonas psychrotolerans CS51”
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