Abstract
For determining changes in soil microbial transformation of nitrogen in a crop rhizosphere under ozone( O 3) stress,using ozone treatments in OTCs( open top chambers),the effects of increase atmospheric surface level O 3 contents on soil microbial transformation of nitrogen in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere was investigated,during the growing / development( G / D) periods including reviving,jointing,booting,heading,filing and maturing stages. Four independent experiments were performed in four years,each for one year,using six OTCs. The chambers were equivalent, but two were fed with air while the other four with ozone at different concentration,in that two chambers with 100 nL / L and the other two with 150 nL / L. Winter wheat were grown to all life stage in OTCs. From reviving to mature stages,the plants were treated for 8 h( 8: 00—16: 00) in every sunny day with different dose of O 3,respectively. Soil microbial biomass N, amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria,soil nitrifying and denitrifying capacity were measured. Each treatment was assayed in triplicate. The data were initially compared by analysis of variance and differences between means were detected using the Duncans Multiple Range Tests. Values of P 0. 05 indicated significance. Quite similar results were obtained during the four years' experiments,suggesting that as a G / D stage is progressing,soil microbial biomass N,amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and soil nitrifying capacity increased firstly but consequently declined. Under increased O 3 stress,either soil microbial biomass N,or amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria or nitrifying capacity were found dropped. Their differences compare to control were significant( P0. 05). With the increased of O 3 dosage,the inhibition effects were found increasing. Inhibition rate of soil microbial biomass nitrogen,amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying capacity on wheat growth stages in the fourth years were significantly higher than those of the first year. The number of denitrifying bacteria was found to be no significant change in the earlier stages,but increased two orders of magnitude in the maturing stage. In maturity stage,the quantity of denitrifying bacteria was significantly improved by O 3. Four years test showed the same change trend. No obvious influence of O 3 on soil denitrifying capacity was found under short time ozone fumigation,but significantly increased during the later three growing seasons. Taking together,the elevated O 3 concentration in atmospheric surface layer,impinges on the features of soil microbial transformation of nitrogen. O 3 stresses can reduce soil microbial biomass N,amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying capacity. Enhance O 3 irradiation and prolong fumigation time the Inhibition efficiency was up-regulated. When the cumulant of O 3 dose and fumigation time reached a certain threshold,the number of denitrifying bacteria and denitrifying capacity rose up, meanwhile soil N 2 O emission risk was heighten. The effects on nitrogen microbial transformation were found to relate to( G / D) periods of winter wheat,dose of O 3 and the exposure time. The different forms of nitrogen have different O 3-sensitive, indicating that the threshold of subjected to O 3,the responses time to O 3 stress and the variation scope are different.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Increased O3 stress reduced soil microbial biomass N compared with control.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- increased O 3 stresse1
- Outcome
- soil microbial biomass Ne1
- Direction
- droppede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“Under increased O 3 stress,either soil microbial biomass N,or amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria or nitrifying capacity were found dropped”
e2“Their differences compare to control were significant( P0. 05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased O3 stress reduced the amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria compared with control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increased O 3 stresse1
- Interactor
- ammonium-oxidizing bacteriae1other
- Outcome
- amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteriae1
- Direction
- droppede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“Under increased O 3 stress,either soil microbial biomass N,or amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria or nitrifying capacity were found dropped”
e2“Their differences compare to control were significant( P0. 05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased O3 stress reduced soil nitrifying capacity compared with control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increased O 3 stresse1
- Outcome
- nitrifying capacitye1
- Direction
- droppede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“Under increased O 3 stress,either soil microbial biomass N,or amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria or nitrifying capacity were found dropped”
e2“Their differences compare to control were significant( P0. 05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition effects increased with increasing O3 dosage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- O 3 dosagee3
- Outcome
- inhibition effectse3
- Direction
- increasinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e3“With the increased of O 3 dosage,the inhibition effects were found increasing”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition rates of soil microbial biomass N, ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying capacity were significantly higher in the fourth year than in the first year.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- wheat growth stagese4
- Outcome
- Inhibition ratee4
- Direction
- significantly highere4
- Qualifier
- soil microbial biomass nitrogen,amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying capacitye4
- Comparator
- first yeare4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e4“Inhibition rate of soil microbial biomass nitrogen,amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying capacity on wheat growth stages in the fourth years were significantly higher than those of the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of denitrifying bacteria showed no significant change in the earlier growth stages.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- earlier stagese5
- Interactor
- denitrifying bacteriae5other
- Outcome
- number of denitrifying bacteriae5
- Direction
- no significant changee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e5“The number of denitrifying bacteria was found to be no significant change in the earlier stages,but increased two orders of magnitude in the maturing stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of denitrifying bacteria increased two orders of magnitude in the maturing stage under O3.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- maturing stagee5
- Interactor
- denitrifying bacteriae5other
- Outcome
- number of denitrifying bacteriae5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- two orders of magnitudee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e5“The number of denitrifying bacteria was found to be no significant change in the earlier stages,but increased two orders of magnitude in the maturing stage”
e6“In maturity stage,the quantity of denitrifying bacteria was significantly improved by O 3”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-time ozone fumigation had no obvious influence on soil denitrifying capacity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- short time ozone fumigatione7
- Outcome
- soil denitrifying capacitye7
- Direction
- No obvious influencee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e7“No obvious influence of O 3 on soil denitrifying capacity was found under short time ozone fumigation,but significantly increased during the later three growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil denitrifying capacity significantly increased during the later three growing seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- soil denitrifying capacitye7
- Direction
- significantly increasede7
- Qualifier
- during the later three growing seasonse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e7“No obvious influence of O 3 on soil denitrifying capacity was found under short time ozone fumigation,but significantly increased during the later three growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Above a threshold of cumulative O3 dose and fumigation time, the number of denitrifying bacteria and denitrifying capacity rose.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cumulant of O 3 dose and fumigation timee1
- Outcome
- number of denitrifying bacteria and denitrifying capacitye1
- Direction
- rose upe1
- Qualifier
- reached a certain thresholde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“When the cumulant of O 3 dose and fumigation time reached a certain threshold,the number of denitrifying bacteria and denitrifying capacity rose up,meanwhile soil N 2 O emission risk was heighten”
Claim · model-written summary
Above a threshold of cumulative O3 dose and fumigation time, soil N2O emission risk was heightened.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cumulant of O 3 dose and fumigation timee1
- Outcome
- soil N 2 O emission riske1
- Direction
- heightene1
- Qualifier
- reached a certain thresholde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“When the cumulant of O 3 dose and fumigation time reached a certain threshold,the number of denitrifying bacteria and denitrifying capacity rose up,meanwhile soil N 2 O emission risk was heighten”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects on nitrogen microbial transformation were related to growth periods of winter wheat, O3 dose and exposure time.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- G / De1
- Treatment
- dose of O 3 and the exposure timee1
- Outcome
- effects on nitrogen microbial transformatione1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“The effects on nitrogen microbial transformation were found to relate to( G / D) periods of winter wheat,dose of O 3 and the exposure time”
Claim · model-written summary
Different forms of nitrogen differed in their sensitivity to O3.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- O 3-sensitivee1
- Direction
- differente1
- Qualifier
- The different forms of nitrogene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“The different forms of nitrogen have different O 3-sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
As the G/D stage progressed, soil microbial biomass N, ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and soil nitrifying capacity increased first and then declined.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- G / D stagee1
- Outcome
- soil microbial biomass N,amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and soil nitrifying capacitye1
- Direction
- increased firstly but consequently declinede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“as a G / D stage is progressing,soil microbial biomass N,amount of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and soil nitrifying capacity increased firstly but consequently declined”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition efficiency was up-regulated by prolonged fumigation time.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- prolong fumigation timee1
- Outcome
- Inhibition efficiencye1
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in winter wheat( Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere”
e1“Enhance O 3 irradiation and prolong fumigation time the Inhibition efficiency was up-regulated”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.