Abstract
Summary Studies on the effect of nanofertilizers (NF) in physiological performance of plants is scarce, especially that related to substances encapsulated into silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) nanoparticles in cocoa plants. The effect of foliar application of SiO 2 -NF on nutrient contents, gas exchange, photochemical activity, photosynthetic pigments, total soluble protein (TSP), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and growth in seedlings of two cocoa clones (OC-61 and BR-05) in a greenhouse was assessed. Spraying with SiO 2 -NF increased net photosynthetic rate (A) by 16 and 60% and electron transport rate (J) by 52 and 162% in clones OC-61 and BR-05, respectively, without changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in either clone. The SiO 2 -NF caused a decrease of 37 and 22% in stomatal conductance in OC-61 and BR-05, respectively; a similar trend was observed in transpiration rate, causing an increase of 42 and 100% in water use efficiency in OC-61 and BR-05, respectively. In both clones, diameter of graft increased on average 28% with SiO 2 -NF. Higher photosynthetic capacity was related to an increase in leaf N, P, and TSP. A significant reduction in PNUE (A/N ratio) was found in OC-61, whereas in BR-05 PNUE increased after spraying with SiO 2 -NF. Overall, spraying with SiO 2 -NF had a positive effect on photosynthetic processes in both cocoa clones, associated with an increase in nutrients content, which translated into improved growth. A differential physiological response to spraying with SiO 2 -NF between clones was also found, with BR-05 being the clone with a better physiological response during the establishment and development stages.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SiO2 nanofertilizer increased net photosynthetic rate of clone OC-61 by 16%.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao
Theobroma cacaot0 - Material
- OC-61e1
- Treatment
- Spraying with SiO 2 -NFe1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (A)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 16e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e1“Spraying with SiO 2 -NF increased net photosynthetic rate (A) by 16 and 60% and electron transport rate (J) by 52 and 162% in clones OC-61 and BR-05, respectively, without changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in either clone”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SiO2 nanofertilizer increased net photosynthetic rate of clone BR-05 by 60%.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- BR-05e1
- Treatment
- Spraying with SiO 2 -NFe1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (A)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 60e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e1“Spraying with SiO 2 -NF increased net photosynthetic rate (A) by 16 and 60% and electron transport rate (J) by 52 and 162% in clones OC-61 and BR-05, respectively, without changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in either clone”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SiO2 nanofertilizer increased electron transport rate of clone OC-61 by 52%.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- OC-61e1
- Treatment
- Spraying with SiO 2 -NFe1
- Outcome
- electron transport rate (J)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 52e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e1“Spraying with SiO 2 -NF increased net photosynthetic rate (A) by 16 and 60% and electron transport rate (J) by 52 and 162% in clones OC-61 and BR-05, respectively, without changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in either clone”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SiO2 nanofertilizer increased electron transport rate of clone BR-05 by 162%.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- BR-05e1
- Treatment
- Spraying with SiO 2 -NFe1
- Outcome
- electron transport rate (J)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 162e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e1“Spraying with SiO 2 -NF increased net photosynthetic rate (A) by 16 and 60% and electron transport rate (J) by 52 and 162% in clones OC-61 and BR-05, respectively, without changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in either clone”
Claim · model-written summary
SiO2 nanofertilizer decreased stomatal conductance of clone OC-61 by 37%.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- OC-61e2
- Treatment
- SiO 2 -NFe2
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 37e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e2“The SiO 2 -NF caused a decrease of 37 and 22% in stomatal conductance in OC-61 and BR-05”
Claim · model-written summary
SiO2 nanofertilizer decreased stomatal conductance of clone BR-05 by 22%.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- BR-05e2
- Treatment
- SiO 2 -NFe2
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 22e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e2“The SiO 2 -NF caused a decrease of 37 and 22% in stomatal conductance in OC-61 and BR-05”
Claim · model-written summary
SiO2 nanofertilizer increased water use efficiency of clone OC-61 by 42%.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- OC-61e3
- Treatment
- SiO 2 -NFe2
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Value
- 42e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e2“The SiO 2 -NF caused a decrease of 37 and 22% in stomatal conductance in OC-61 and BR-05”
e3“causing an increase of 42 and 100% in water use efficiency in OC-61 and BR-05”
Claim · model-written summary
SiO2 nanofertilizer increased water use efficiency of clone BR-05 by 100%.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- BR-05e3
- Treatment
- SiO 2 -NFe2
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Value
- 100e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e2“The SiO 2 -NF caused a decrease of 37 and 22% in stomatal conductance in OC-61 and BR-05”
e3“causing an increase of 42 and 100% in water use efficiency in OC-61 and BR-05”
Claim · model-written summary
SiO2 nanofertilizer increased graft diameter of both cocoa clones by 28% on average.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Treatment
- SiO 2 -NFe3
- Outcome
- diameter of grafte3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 28%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e3“In both clones, diameter of graft increased on average 28% with SiO 2 -NF”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SiO2 nanofertilizer did not change photosynthetic pigment concentration in either cocoa clone.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Treatment
- Spraying with SiO 2 -NFe1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment concentratione1
- Direction
- without changese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e1“Spraying with SiO 2 -NF increased net photosynthetic rate (A) by 16 and 60% and electron transport rate (J) by 52 and 162% in clones OC-61 and BR-05, respectively, without changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in either clone”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SiO2 nanofertilizer significantly reduced PNUE in clone OC-61.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- OC-61e4
- Treatment
- spraying with SiO 2 -NFe4
- Outcome
- PNUE (A/N ratio)e4
- Direction
- reductione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e4“A significant reduction in PNUE (A/N ratio) was found in OC-61, whereas in BR-05 PNUE increased after spraying with SiO 2 -NF”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SiO2 nanofertilizer increased PNUE in clone BR-05.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- BR-05e4
- Treatment
- spraying with SiO 2 -NFe4
- Outcome
- PNUEe4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e4“A significant reduction in PNUE (A/N ratio) was found in OC-61, whereas in BR-05 PNUE increased after spraying with SiO 2 -NF”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher photosynthetic capacity of cocoa was related to increased leaf N, P and TSP.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Organ / stage
- leafe5
- Outcome
- leaf N, P, and TSPe5
- Direction
- increasee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e5“Higher photosynthetic capacity was related to an increase in leaf N, P, and TSP”
Claim · model-written summary
Clone BR-05 had a better physiological response to SiO2 nanofertilizer during establishment and development stages than OC-61.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- BR-05e6
- Organ / stage
- establishment and development stagese6
- Outcome
- physiological responsee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e6“with BR-05 being the clone with a better physiological response during the establishment and development stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SiO2 nanofertilizer improved seedling growth of both cocoa clones.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Treatment
- spraying with SiO 2 -NFe7
- Outcome
- growthe7
- Direction
- improvede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)”
e7“Overall, spraying with SiO 2 -NF had a positive effect on photosynthetic processes in both cocoa clones, associated with an increase in nutrients content, which translated into improved growth”
The same questions in other papers
silicon dioxide · physiology: photosynthesis · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · growth · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →application · physiology: photosynthesis · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.