Abstract
Abstract Background Lanthanum (La) is a rare earth element that can influence plant growth and development. However, the effect of La on growth, yield formation and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP, a key compound responsible for the aroma of rice) biosynthesis in aromatic rice ( Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) has not been reported. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of La on growth, photosynthesis, yield formation and 2-AP biosynthesis in aromatic rice through three experiments. Results Two pot experiments and a two-year field trial were conducted with different rates of La application (20–120 LaCl 3 mg kg −1 and 12 kg ha −1 LaCl 3 ), and treatments without La application were used as controls. The results showed that the application of LaCl 3 at 80 and 100 mg kg −1 and at 12 kg ha −1 greatly increased the 2-AP content (by 6.45–43.03%) in aromatic rice seedlings and mature grains compared with the control. The La treatments also increased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and total aboveground biomass of rice seedlings. Higher antioxidant enzyme (superoxide, peroxidase, and catalase) activity was detected in the La treatments than in the control. The La treatments also increased the grain yield, grain number per panicle and seed-setting rate of aromatic rice relative to the control. Moreover, the grain proline and γ-aminobutyric acid contents and the activity of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase significantly decreased under the La treatment. The application of La to soil enhanced the activity of proline dehydrogenase by 20.62–56.95%. Conclusions La improved the growth, yield formation and 2-AP content of aromatic rice and enhanced 2-AP biosynthesis by increasing the conversion of proline to 2-AP and decreasing the conversion of GABald to GABA.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
LaCl 3 treatments increased 2-AP content by 6.45–43.03% in seedlings and mature grains.
Verbatim
e0“the application of LaCl 3 at 80 and 100 mg kg −1 and at 12 kg ha −1 greatly increased the 2-AP content (by 6.45–43.03%) in aromatic rice seedlings and mature grains compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
La treatments increased chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- La treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The La treatments also increased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and total aboveground biomass of rice seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
La treatments increased total aboveground biomass of rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- La treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The La treatments also increased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and total aboveground biomass of rice seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
La treatments increased antioxidant enzyme activity relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“Higher antioxidant enzyme (superoxide, peroxidase, and catalase) activity was detected in the La treatments than in the control.”
t0“aromatic rice”
Claim · model-written summary
La treatments increased aromatic rice grain yield, grain number per panicle and seed-setting rate relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“The La treatments also increased the grain yield, grain number per panicle and seed-setting rate of aromatic rice relative to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
La treatment significantly decreased grain proline and γ-aminobutyric acid contents.
- Taxon
- aromatic ricet0
- Treatment
- La treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain proline and γ-aminobutyric acid contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the grain proline and γ-aminobutyric acid contents and the activity of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase significantly decreased under the La treatment.”
t0“aromatic rice”
Claim · model-written summary
La treatment significantly decreased betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- aromatic ricet0
- Treatment
- La treatmente0
- Gene
- betaine aldehyde dehydrogenasee0
- Outcome
- activity of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the grain proline and γ-aminobutyric acid contents and the activity of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase significantly decreased under the La treatment.”
t0“aromatic rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-applied La increased proline dehydrogenase activity by 20.62–56.95%.
- Taxon
- aromatic ricet0
- Treatment
- La to soile0
- Gene
- proline dehydrogenasee0
- Outcome
- activity of proline dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 20.62–56.95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The application of La to soil enhanced the activity of proline dehydrogenase by 20.62–56.95%.”
t0“aromatic rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpreted La as enhancing 2-AP biosynthesis by increasing proline conversion to 2-AP and decreasing GABald conversion to GABA.
Verbatim
e0“La improved the growth, yield formation and 2-AP content of aromatic rice and enhanced 2-AP biosynthesis by increasing the conversion of proline to 2-AP and decreasing the conversion of GABald to GABA.”
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lanthanum atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
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