Abstract
Abstract Background In sustainable agriculture, the use of farmyard manure (FYM) is of great interest to environmental security and is effective as a good nitrogen source for sustainable crop production. Therefore, determining the effective doses of FYM that will be an alternative to chemical fertilizers, is also important to improve soil fertility and produce healthy products. This study aimed to determine the effects of FYM and ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizers on the biological value and essential oil content of dill ( Anethum graveolens L.). Methods Different doses FYM (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 t ha −1 ) and AN (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha −1 ) were applied by sowing and compared to a control group (no manure). We evaluated the chemical constituents as well as the biological activities of dill herbs and seeds growing at various doses of FYM and AN fertilizers. Results The most abundant components of essential oils were found to be dill apiole (11.96 ± 0.83 and 18.65 ± 1.89%) and carvotanacetone (15.90 ± 2.34 and 21.76 ± 1.62%) in the leaves and seeds, respectively. Limonene (9.01 ± 1.11%), 4-isopropyltoluen (8.24 ± 0.89%), dill ether (9.13 ± 1.12%) and mycrene (7.44 ± 0.68%) were major essential oils components in herbs. The highest concentration of the essential oil components was determined as 12.5–15 t ha −1 in FYM and 90 AN applications. From the effective concentration (EC 50 ) of the samples, it was seen that 60 kg ha −1 AN infusion, 120 kg ha −1 AN decoction as well as 7.5 t ha −1 FYM and 10 t ha −1 FYM essential oils had the highest DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity as shown by the lowest value of EC 50 compared to the control. Although the antioxidant activities of the samples were significantly lower than those of the reference antioxidant gallic acid, it was evident that they did show the antioxidative potential for hydrogen and a single electron donor activities, thus could serve as free radical scavengers, and act as reductant. In particular, the highest total phenolic content (18.36 ± 0.35 mg g −1 ) was found in the infusion extract after applying the 60 kg ha −1 AN fertilizer. Essential oils extracted from the seeds also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The highest antibacterial activity against all tested microbial species was observed with the 10 t ha −1 FYM application. Conclusion The findings of the study suggest that the application of FYM has promising effects on dill leaf, seed, and herb and can be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizers when growing dill, a plant with increasing importance and demand.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Dill apiole was an abundant essential oil component in leaves and seeds.
- Taxon
- dill
Anethum graveolense0 - Outcome
- dill apiolee0
- Value
- 11.96 ± 0.83 and 18.65 ± 1.89%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dill apiole (11.96 ± 0.83 and 18.65 ± 1.89%)”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carvotanacetone was an abundant essential oil component in leaves and seeds.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Outcome
- carvotanacetonee0
- Value
- 15.90 ± 2.34 and 21.76 ± 1.62%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carvotanacetone (15.90 ± 2.34 and 21.76 ± 1.62%)”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
Limonene was a major herb oil component.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Outcome
- Limonenee0
- Value
- 9.01 ± 1.11%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Limonene (9.01 ± 1.11%)”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
4-isopropyltoluen was a major herb oil component.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Outcome
- 4-isopropyltoluene0
- Value
- 8.24 ± 0.89%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4-isopropyltoluen (8.24 ± 0.89%)”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
Dill ether was a major herb oil component.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense0
- Outcome
- dill ethere0
- Value
- 9.13 ± 1.12%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dill ether (9.13 ± 1.12%)”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycrene was a major herb oil component.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Outcome
- mycrenee0
- Value
- 7.44 ± 0.68%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mycrene (7.44 ± 0.68%)”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM at 12.5–15 t ha −1 gave the highest essential oil component concentration.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Treatment
- 12.5–15 t ha −1 in FYMe0
- Outcome
- concentration of the essential oil componentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of the essential oil components was determined as 12.5–15 t ha −1 in FYM and 90 AN applications.”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
The 90 AN application gave the highest essential oil component concentration.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Treatment
- 90 AN applicationse0
- Outcome
- concentration of the essential oil componentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of the essential oil components was determined as 12.5–15 t ha −1 in FYM and 90 AN applications.”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
The 60 kg ha −1 AN infusion had high radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Treatment
- 60 kg ha −1 AN infusione0
- Outcome
- DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“60 kg ha −1 AN infusion, 120 kg ha −1 AN decoction as well as 7.5 t ha −1 FYM and 10 t ha −1 FYM essential oils had the highest DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity as shown by the lowest value of EC 50 compared to the control.”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
The 120 kg ha −1 AN decoction had high radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Treatment
- 120 kg ha −1 AN decoctione0
- Outcome
- DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“120 kg ha −1 AN decoction as well as 7.5 t ha −1 FYM and 10 t ha −1 FYM essential oils had the highest DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity as shown by the lowest value of EC 50 compared to the control.”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
The 7.5 t ha −1 FYM essential oil had high radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Treatment
- 7.5 t ha −1 FYMe0
- Outcome
- DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“7.5 t ha −1 FYM and 10 t ha −1 FYM essential oils had the highest DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity as shown by the lowest value of EC 50 compared to the control.”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
The 10 t ha −1 FYM essential oil had high radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Treatment
- 10 t ha −1 FYMe0
- Outcome
- DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10 t ha −1 FYM essential oils had the highest DPPH, ABTS + and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity as shown by the lowest value of EC 50 compared to the control.”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
Sample antioxidant activities were significantly lower than gallic acid.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Outcome
- antioxidant activities of the samplese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- gallic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the antioxidant activities of the samples were significantly lower than those of the reference antioxidant gallic acid”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
The 60 kg ha −1 AN infusion had the highest total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Treatment
- 60 kg ha −1 AN fertilizere0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18.36 ± 0.35 mg g −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest total phenolic content (18.36 ± 0.35 mg g −1 ) was found in the infusion extract after applying the 60 kg ha −1 AN fertilizer.”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed essential oils were antibacterial against three named bacteria.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- strong antibacterial activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oils extracted from the seeds also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa .”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
The 10 t ha −1 FYM treatment gave the highest antibacterial activity.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense1
- Treatment
- 10 t ha −1 FYM applicatione0
- Outcome
- antibacterial activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest antibacterial activity against all tested microbial species was observed with the 10 t ha −1 FYM application.”
t0“Anethum graveolens L.”
e1“dill herbs”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest FYM as a substitute for chemical fertilizer in dill production.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense0
- Outcome
- suitable substitute for chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of FYM has promising effects on dill leaf, seed, and herb and can be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizers when growing dill”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · quality: phytochemicals · Anethum graveolens (dill)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fertilization · molecular: metabolites · Anethum graveolens (dill)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.