Abstract
Abstract One of the greatest challenges in recent years is providing enough food to feed the increasing world population, with limited freshwater resources. However, effective fertiliser management also has a fundamental role to improve yield quality and quantity. Organic fertiliser not only supplements nutrients but also improves physicochemical and biological soil properties. A 2‐year field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of urea and vermicompost fertiliser on oil phytochemical properties of peppermint pH, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic carbon of experimental site under three irrigation regimes in 2018 and 2019. The experiments had three water deficit regimes (no stress, moderate, and severe drought stress) as a main plot. The subplot division consisted of six fertiliser treatments: unfertilised (control); 140 kg urea ha −1 ; 105 kg urea ha −1 + 3.3 ton vermicompost ha −1 ; 70 kg urea ha −1 + 6.6 ton vermicompost ha −1 ; 35 kg urea ha −1 + 10 ton vermicompost ha −1 ; and 13.5 ton vermicompost ha −1 . The maximum leaf area index (4.29) and dry matter weight (3,803 kg ha −1 ) were observed in control irrigation, while the highest essential oil content (0.97%) could be seen under mild water deficit stress. Additionally, the highest organic carbon and CEC were obtained under well‐watered conditions at 1.20% and 6.41 (meq 100 g soil −1 ), respectively. Dry matter weight and essential oil content increased considerably in response to increasing vermicompost in fertiliser treatments, and the highest content of these traits were observed in 2019 and with 13.5 ton vermicompost ha −1 . The menthol content increases in response to deficit irrigation and integrated fertiliser. These data indicate that mild drought stress can increase the synthesis of medical compounds and vermicomposting can alleviate the impact of drought by conserving soil moisture as an acclimation mechanism to improve nutrient uptake and avoid yield losses.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered conditions had the maximum peppermint leaf area index, 4.29.
- Taxon
- peppermint
Mentha ×piperitat0 - Treatment
- control irrigatione0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 4.29e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum leaf area index (4.29) and dry matter weight (3,803 kg ha −1 ) were observed in control irrigation”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered conditions had the maximum peppermint dry matter weight, 3,803 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- control irrigatione0
- Outcome
- dry matter weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3,803 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum leaf area index (4.29) and dry matter weight (3,803 kg ha −1 ) were observed in control irrigation”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild water deficit produced the highest peppermint essential oil content, 0.97%.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- mild water deficit stresse0
- Outcome
- essential oil contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest essential oil content (0.97%) could be seen under mild water deficit stress.”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered conditions produced the highest soil organic carbon, 1.20%.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- well‐watered conditionse0
- Outcome
- organic carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest organic carbon and CEC were obtained under well‐watered conditions at 1.20% and 6.41 (meq 100 g soil −1 ), respectively.”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered conditions produced the highest soil cation exchange capacity, 6.41 meq per 100 g soil.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- well‐watered conditionse0
- Outcome
- CECe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6.41 (meq 100 g soil −1 )e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest organic carbon and CEC were obtained under well‐watered conditions at 1.20% and 6.41 (meq 100 g soil −1 ), respectively.”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
More vermicompost increased peppermint dry matter weight.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- increasing vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- Dry matter weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter weight and essential oil content increased considerably in response to increasing vermicompost in fertiliser treatments”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
More vermicompost increased peppermint essential oil content.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- increasing vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- essential oil contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter weight and essential oil content increased considerably in response to increasing vermicompost in fertiliser treatments”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Peppermint dry matter weight was highest in 2019 under 13.5 ton vermicompost ha −1.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- 13.5 ton vermicompost ha −1e0
- Outcome
- Dry matter weighte1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 2019e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest content of these traits were observed in 2019 and with 13.5 ton vermicompost ha −1 .”
e1“Dry matter weight and essential oil content increased considerably”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Peppermint essential oil content was highest in 2019 under 13.5 ton vermicompost ha −1.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- 13.5 ton vermicompost ha −1e0
- Outcome
- essential oil contente1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 2019e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest content of these traits were observed in 2019 and with 13.5 ton vermicompost ha −1 .”
e1“Dry matter weight and essential oil content increased considerably”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased peppermint menthol content.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- menthol contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The menthol content increases in response to deficit irrigation and integrated fertiliser.”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated fertiliser increased peppermint menthol content.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- integrated fertilisere0
- Outcome
- menthol contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The menthol content increases in response to deficit irrigation and integrated fertiliser.”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret mild drought as increasing synthesis of medical compounds in peppermint.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- mild drought stresse0
- Outcome
- synthesis of medical compoundse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mild drought stress can increase the synthesis of medical compounds”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret vermicomposting as alleviating drought effects through soil moisture conservation, improving nutrient uptake and avoiding yield losses.
- Taxon
- peppermintMentha ×piperitat0
- Treatment
- vermicompostinge0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake and avoid yield lossese0
- Qualifier
- conserving soil moisturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vermicomposting can alleviate the impact of drought by conserving soil moisture as an acclimation mechanism to improve nutrient uptake and avoid yield losses.”
t0“peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)”
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