Abstract
Salinity and alkalinity stresses are common in arid and semiarid climates. Both these stresses not only retard crop growth but also cause a severe reduction in yields. The present experiment was performed to investigate the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic responses of two maize hybrids (FH-1231 and DK-6714) to salinity and alkalinity stresses. The treatments were comprised of salt stress (NaCl:Na2SO4 at a 9:1 ratio), alkaline stress (NaHCO3:Na2CO3 at a 9:1 ratio), and an unstressed control. The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity. Likewise, both the stresses, particularly alkalinity, significantly decreased K+ ion accumulation and chlorophyll content and increased the lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Salinity and alkalinity stresses also induced the expression levels of antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, POD, APX); however, salinity showed less effect than alkalinity stress. Similarly, hybrid DK-6714 performed comparatively better than FH-1231 with regard to seedling growth, antioxidant activities, and biochemical attributes under stress conditions. Thus, DK-6714 is recommended as a suitable hybrid for soils affected with salt-alkalization.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
salinity reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% versus control across maize hybrids.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
alkalinity reduced shoot fresh weight by 70% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
salinity reduced root fresh weight by 38% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
alkalinity reduced root fresh weight by 50% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
salinity reduced root dry weight by 69% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
alkalinity reduced root dry weight by 93% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
salinity reduced seedling length by 18% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
alkalinity reduced seedling length by 30% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
salinity reduced number of leaves by 27% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
alkalinity reduced number of leaves by 39% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
salinity reduced maximum leaf width by 17% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
alkalinity reduced maximum leaf width by 24% versus control across maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that salinity and alkalinity significantly reduced shoot fresh weight by 50% and 70%, root fresh weight by 38% and 50%, root dry weight by 69% and 93%, seedling length by 18% and 30%, number of leaves by 27% and 39%, and maximum leaf width by 17% and 24%, respectively, across the two hybrids compared with control, indicating that alkalinity had a greater effect than salinity.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
salinity decreased K+ ion accumulation and chlorophyll content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, both the stresses, particularly alkalinity, significantly decreased K+ ion accumulation and chlorophyll content and increased the lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX).”
t0“Differential Morphophysiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses of Maize Hybrids to Salinity and Alkalinity Stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
salinity increased lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level.
- Treatment
- salinityt0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, both the stresses, particularly alkalinity, significantly decreased K+ ion accumulation and chlorophyll content and increased the lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX).”
t0“Differential Morphophysiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses of Maize Hybrids to Salinity and Alkalinity Stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
alkalinity decreased K+ ion accumulation and chlorophyll content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, both the stresses, particularly alkalinity, significantly decreased K+ ion accumulation and chlorophyll content and increased the lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX).”
t0“Differential Morphophysiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses of Maize Hybrids to Salinity and Alkalinity Stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
alkalinity increased lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level.
- Treatment
- alkalinityt0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, both the stresses, particularly alkalinity, significantly decreased K+ ion accumulation and chlorophyll content and increased the lipid peroxidation rate, sodium (Na+) concentration, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX).”
t0“Differential Morphophysiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses of Maize Hybrids to Salinity and Alkalinity Stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and alkalinity induced antioxidant gene expression, with a smaller salinity effect.
- Treatment
- Salinity and alkalinity stressese0
- Outcome
- expression levels of antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, POD, APX)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Qualifier
- salinity showed less effect than alkalinity stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity and alkalinity stresses also induced the expression levels of antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, POD, APX); however, salinity showed less effect than alkalinity stress.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
DK-6714 outperformed FH-1231 in growth, antioxidant activity and biochemical attributes under stress.
- Material
- DK-6714e0
- Outcome
- seedling growth, antioxidant activities, and biochemical attributese0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- FH-1231e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, hybrid DK-6714 performed comparatively better than FH-1231 with regard to seedling growth, antioxidant activities, and biochemical attributes under stress conditions.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
DK-6714 was recommended for salt-alkalized soils.
- Material
- DK-6714e0
- Outcome
- recommended as a suitable hybrid for soils affected with salt-alkalizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, DK-6714 is recommended as a suitable hybrid for soils affected with salt-alkalization.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
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