Abstract
Abstract With a warming climate, heat events occur more frequently especially during flowering of many crops which increasingly threatens food security. The maximum temperature thresholds (TTmax) for different flowering processes and kernel formation, however, are not explicit in maize ( Zea mays L.). For this, a temperature‐controlled experiment was conducted including two maize hybrids ZD958 and XY335 that were widely grown in China and six temperature levels (maximum/minimum temperature; 30/20, 32/22, 34/24, 36/26, 38/28 and 40/30℃ for 14 consecutive days bracketing the silking stage). Both tasseling and pollen shedding time were advanced with elevated temperature, but silking time was advanced from 30/20 to 36/26℃ and then delayed with further temperature increase, thus extending anthesis–silking interval (ASI). Silking rate was significantly reduced to 63% at 40/30℃ for ZD958 but maintained at 88%–95% for XY335 compared to that at 30/20℃. Pollen shed weight and pollen viability decreased with elevated temperature with larger reductions in XY335 than in ZD958. Hence, ZD958 and XY335 are female and male flower sensitive hybrids, respectively. Silking rate, pollen shed number and ASI were the most important constraints to kernel formation under HT stress. TTmax for seed set of both hybrids were estimated to be ~38℃, and different flowering processes have respective TTmax. These detailed information are important to uncover heat impacts on maize and increase simulation accuracy when modelling heat effects on maize yield. Besides, more attentions need to be directed at female flower sensitivity when breeding and/or selecting heat‐tolerant maize hybrids.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Silking rate of ZD958 was significantly reduced to 63% at 40/30℃ compared with 30/20℃.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e1“Silking rate was significantly reduced to 63% at 40/30℃ for ZD958 but maintained at 88%–95% for XY335 compared to that at 30/20℃”
Claim · model-written summary
Silking rate of XY335 was maintained at 88%–95% at 40/30℃ compared with 30/20℃.
- Material
- XY335e1
- Treatment
- 40/30℃e1
- Outcome
- Silking ratee1
- Direction
- maintainede1
- Value
- 88%–95%e1
- Comparator
- 30/20℃e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e1“Silking rate was significantly reduced to 63% at 40/30℃ for ZD958 but maintained at 88%–95% for XY335 compared to that at 30/20℃”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature advanced tasseling and pollen shedding time in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e2“Both tasseling and pollen shedding time were advanced with elevated temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature decreased pollen shed weight and pollen viability in maize.
- Organ / stage
- Pollene3
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturee3
- Outcome
- Pollen shed weight and pollen viabilitye3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e3“Pollen shed weight and pollen viability decreased with elevated temperature with larger reductions in XY335 than in ZD958”
Claim · model-written summary
Reductions in pollen shed weight and viability under elevated temperature were larger in XY335 than in ZD958.
- Material
- XY335e3
- Organ / stage
- Pollene3
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturee3
- Outcome
- reductionse3
- Direction
- largere3
- Comparator
- ZD958e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e3“Pollen shed weight and pollen viability decreased with elevated temperature with larger reductions in XY335 than in ZD958”
Claim · model-written summary
Silking time was advanced when temperature rose from 30/20 to 36/26℃.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e4“silking time was advanced from 30/20 to 36/26℃ and then delayed with further temperature increase”
Claim · model-written summary
Silking time was delayed with further temperature increase above 36/26℃.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e4“silking time was advanced from 30/20 to 36/26℃ and then delayed with further temperature increase”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature extended the anthesis–silking interval in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e5“extending anthesis–silking interval (ASI)”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum temperature threshold for seed set of both maize hybrids was estimated at about 38℃.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e6“TTmax for seed set of both hybrids were estimated to be ~38℃”
Claim · model-written summary
Silking rate, pollen shed number and ASI were the most important constraints to kernel formation under heat stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e7“Silking rate, pollen shed number and ASI were the most important constraints to kernel formation under HT stress”
Claim · model-written summary
More attention should be directed at female flower sensitivity when breeding or selecting heat-tolerant maize hybrids.
- Outcome
- female flower sensitivitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize”
e6“more attentions need to be directed at female flower sensitivity when breeding and/or selecting heat‐tolerant maize hybrids”
The same questions in other papers
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