Abstract
Durum wheat is often cultivated in marginal areas with great management difficulties. Organic fertilization is a sustainable agricultural practice that allows preserving the environment, but its limit can be the reduction of yield and quality of crops, also in cereals. The aim of research was to evaluate the effects of the organic fertilization on yield and quality of Simeto, a variety of durum wheat, cultivated for two years in three different sites of the internal hill of Campania Region (San Giorgio la Molara, SGM; Ariano Irpino, AI; Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi, SAL). SGM was a sandy-clay-loam soil, with high fertility, while AI and SAL were clay soil. The organic fertilization (ORG), based on roasted leather, was compared to mineral fertilization (MIN) and the not fertilized treatment (N0). In SGM, crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area index (LAI) were significantly higher than AI and SAL until the flowering (about 2- and 4-fold more, respectively). MIN and ORG significantly boosted CGR compared to N0, while for LAI, ORG was never different from N0. The two-years value of yield was 3.0 t ha–1; in SGM, it reached 4.2 t ha–1, and it was 54.6% more than the mean value of AI and SAL, while N0 was not different from MIN of AI and SAL. ORG yield was lower and not different from NO in AI, where the lowest values of 1000 kernels weight, and hectolitre weight were also recorded. MIN and ORG increased the number of spikes per square meter: 27.0%, and 12.8% over N0, respectively, but ORG showed an 11.2% decrease compared to MIN. The 1000 kernels weight reached the highest values in SAL, without differences between N0, MIN, and ORG. The values of protein and gluten percentage were highest in AI and SGM (about 13.5%, and 11.7%, respectively), but without differences between ORG and MIN in the 3 sites for protein percentage. The worst value of the vitreousness was recorded in SAL (52.3%), six-fold more than that of AI (8.2%), probably due to the high rainfall. NUE reached the highest value in SGM in the first year, when it was significantly different from AI and SAL (0.036 vs 0.030 t kg–1). Overall, the effect of nitrogen fertilization type results sitespecific; indeed, organic fertilization had the same performance of mineral in the site with better soil (low clay content, high nitrogen, and organic matter content) and climate conditions. Highlights - Organic fertilization based on roasted leather was compared to mineral fertilization in three marginal environments for two years. - Effect of organic fertilization on wheat yield, grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency was site-specific. - Yield of plants organically fertilized was lower than mineral fertilization in the two environments less fertile and with a high clay content. - Nitrogen use efficiency of organic fertilization was lower than mineral in the two environments less fertile and with high content of clay.- Grain protein and gluten percentage were lower in the site with higher rainfall.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Crop growth rate in SGM was significantly higher than AI and SAL until flowering.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Outcome
- crop growth rate (CGR)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2-e0
- Comparator
- AI and SALe0
- Setting
- SGMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In SGM, crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area index (LAI) were significantly higher than AI and SAL until the flowering (about 2- and 4-fold more, respectively)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area index in SGM was significantly higher than AI and SAL until flowering.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4-folde0
- Comparator
- AI and SALe0
- Setting
- SGMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In SGM, crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area index (LAI) were significantly higher than AI and SAL until the flowering (about 2- and 4-fold more, respectively)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral fertilization significantly boosted crop growth rate relative to no fertilizer.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- MINe0
- Outcome
- CGRe0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MIN and ORG significantly boosted CGR compared to N0”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilization significantly boosted crop growth rate relative to no fertilizer.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- CGRe0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MIN and ORG significantly boosted CGR compared to N0”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilization did not differ from no fertilizer for leaf area index.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- LAIe0
- Direction
- never differente0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for LAI, ORG was never different from N0”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean yield over two years was 3.0 t ha–1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 3.0 t ha–1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two-years value of yield was 3.0 t ha–1”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield in SGM reached 4.2 t ha–1, 54.6% above the AI and SAL mean.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 4.2 t ha–1e0
- Qualifier
- 54.6%e0
- Comparator
- AI and SALe0
- Setting
- SGMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in SGM, it reached 4.2 t ha–1, and it was 54.6% more than the mean value of AI and SAL”
t0“durum wheat”
e1“The two-years value of yield was 3.0 t ha–1”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer yield was lower than mineral fertilizer yield in AI.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Setting
- AIe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ORG yield was lower and not different from NO in AI”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer yield did not differ from unfertilized yield in AI.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- not differente0
- Comparator
- NOe0
- Setting
- AIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ORG yield was lower and not different from NO in AI”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest thousand-kernel and hectolitre weights occurred in AI.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- 1000 kernels weight, and hectolitre weighte0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“where the lowest values of 1000 kernels weight, and hectolitre weight were also recorded”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral fertilization raised spike number by 27.0% over no fertilizer.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- MINe0
- Outcome
- number of spikes per square metere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.0%e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MIN and ORG increased the number of spikes per square meter: 27.0%, and 12.8% over N0, respectively”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilization raised spike number by 12.8% over no fertilizer.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- number of spikes per square metere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.8%e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MIN and ORG increased the number of spikes per square meter: 27.0%, and 12.8% over N0, respectively”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilization yielded 11.2% fewer spikes than mineral fertilization.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 11.2%e0
- Comparator
- MINe0
Not reportedOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ORG showed an 11.2% decrease compared to MIN”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thousand-kernel weight was highest in SAL and did not differ by fertilization.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- 1000 kernels weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- without differences between N0, MIN, and ORGe0
- Setting
- SALe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1000 kernels weight reached the highest values in SAL, without differences between N0, MIN, and ORG”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein percentage was highest in AI, around 13.5%.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 13.5%e0
- Setting
- AIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The values of protein and gluten percentage were highest in AI and SGM (about 13.5%, and 11.7%, respectively)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Gluten percentage was highest in SGM, around 11.7%.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- gluten percentagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11.7%e0
- Setting
- SGMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The values of protein and gluten percentage were highest in AI and SGM (about 13.5%, and 11.7%, respectively)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein percentage did not differ between organic and mineral fertilizer across the three sites.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- protein percentagee0
- Direction
- without differencese0
- Comparator
- MINe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without differences between ORG and MIN in the 3 sites for protein percentage”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitreousness was worst in SAL at 52.3% versus 8.2% in AI.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- vitreousnesse0
- Direction
- worste0
- Value
- 52.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 8.2%e0
- Comparator
- AIe0
- Setting
- SALe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The worst value of the vitreousness was recorded in SAL (52.3%), six-fold more than that of AI (8.2%)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NUE was highest in SGM in year one and significantly different from AI and SAL.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.036 vs 0.030 t kg–1e0
- Comparator
- AI and SALe0
- Setting
- SGMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NUE reached the highest value in SGM in the first year, when it was significantly different from AI and SAL (0.036 vs 0.030 t kg–1)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer performed comparably to mineral fertilizer in the better soil and climate site.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- samee0
- Comparator
- minerale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic fertilization had the same performance of mineral in the site with better soil (low clay content, high nitrogen, and organic matter content) and climate conditions”
t0“durum wheat”
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